Fly Away Peter by David Malouf Essay -- David Maloufs Fly Away Peter

Fly Away Peter by David Malouf - To what extent is Jims understanding of self-importance heighten by his contact with those around him?Fly Away Peter is essentially a story about life. Through the life of Jim Saddler the reader becomes aware of the ideas posed by the author, David Malouf. Jims life, if anything, is then a journey, unfolding through various broadening experiences that lead to Jims eventual understanding of the valet and his own self. However, to simply say that this understanding is enhance totally by his contact with those around him is only true to a certain extent. Jims journey of life exists on many levels, just one of which is the lessons he learns through his contact with others.A strong none emphasised throughout the novel is Jims detachment. During the establishment of his relationship with Ashley, and his decision to join the war, Jim existed in a world of his own, not withdrawn exactly, but impenetrably private. Ever the lone wolf, Jim keeps the event s in his life at arms length, remaining distant and observing his world in his own comical way. The retiring, self-examining Jim notes he has no close friends, though calling Clancy a mate. Even the horrors of war fail to make Jim see the world as others do. He admits his naivety, confessing thathe had been living, coin bank he came here, in a state of dangerous innocence. Jim acknowledges how his new experiences have indeed opened his eyes to the real world, but as stock-still he has not reached his ev... Fly Away Peter by David Malouf Essay -- David Maloufs Fly Away PeterFly Away Peter by David Malouf - To what extent is Jims understanding of self enhanced by his contact with those around him?Fly Away Peter is essentially a story about life. Through the life of Jim Saddler the reader becomes aware of the ideas posed by the author, David Malouf. Jims life, if anything, is indeed a journey, unfolding through various broadening experiences that lead to Jims even tual understanding of the world and his own self. However, to simply say that this understanding is enhanced solely by his contact with those around him is only true to a certain extent. Jims journey of life exists on many levels, just one of which is the lessons he learns through his contact with others.A strong note emphasised throughout the novel is Jims detachment. During the establishment of his relationship with Ashley, and his decision to join the war, Jim existed in a world of his own, not withdrawn exactly, but impenetrably private. Ever the lone wolf, Jim keeps the events in his life at arms length, remaining distant and observing his world in his own unique way. The retiring, introspective Jim notes he has no close friends, though calling Clancy a mate. Even the horrors of war fail to make Jim see the world as others do. He admits his naivety, confessing thathe had been living, till he came here, in a state of dangerous innocence. Jim acknowledges how his new experiences have indeed opened his eyes to the real world, but as yet he has not reached his ev...

Human Resource Management Essay -- Business Resource Managing Essays

Human Resource focusEffective human resource management is undoubtedly critical to the success of virtuall(a)y all firms. Thus its importance is huge in the study of business strategy which is the system of the firms important choices that are critical to the firms survival and relative success (Boxall and Purcell 2003). Getting more specific, strategical human resource management as a field of study is concerned with the strategic choices associated with the use of comprehend in firms and with explaining why some firms manage them more effectively than others (Boxall and Purcell 2003). Traditionally there has been much debate in the field of strategic HRM over two main schools of thought best fit (contingency theory), and best practice (universalism). The best fit school of thought argues that HR strategy result be more effective when it is appropriately integrated with its specific organizational and broader environmental stage setting (Boxall and Purcell 2003). This proposes questions about which are the most critical contingencies in this context and how they are best connected. The best practice school of thought argues that all firms will see performance improvements if only they identify and implement best practice. This persuasion requires top management to commit themselves to key HR practices. Basically, the idea is that a particular bundle of HR practices has the potential to contribute improved employee attitudes and behaviours, lower levels of absenteeism and labour turnover, and higher levels of productivity, quality and customer service. This has the ultimate effect of generating higher levels of profitability (Boxall and Purcell 2003).Both of the aforementioned best theory approaches to strategic HRM place emphasis on critical choices associated with competitive strategy such as which industry to enter and what competitive position to seek in it (Boxall and Purcell 2003). However, these models make some serious assumptions of the firms HRM . They tire out that the firm already has a clever leadership team that makes the competitive strategy choices effectively. They also assume that human resource issues such as hiring and bringing up a capable workforce are straightforward and basic. The resource-based view (RBV) of strategy, a modern school of thought in the field of strategic HRM, sees these issues as strategic rather than stra... ... over time, and their importance to sustained competitive advantage (Boxall and Purcell, 2003). Works CitedBoxall, Peter and Purcell, John. Strategy and Human Resource attention. PalgraveMacmillan. 2003.Deephouse D. To be different, or to be the identical? Its a question (and theory) of strategic balance , Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, 1999. pp147-166Mabey, Christopher and Salaman, Graeme and Storey, John. Human Resource Management A Strategic Introduction. Blackwell Business. 1998. Marchington, Mick and Wilkinson, Adrian. People Management and Development Human Resource Management at Work. CIPD Enterprises Ltd. 2002.Purcell, John. Business Strategies and Human Resource Management Uneasy Bedfellows or Strategic Partners? University of Bath. April 27, 2005 http//www.bath.ac.uk/werc/pdf/business_strategies_and_HRM.pdfSisson, Kieth and Storey, John. The Realities of Human Resource Management Managing the Employment Relatoinship. Open University Press Buckingham. 2000.Schuler, Randall S. and Jackson, Susan E. Strategic Human Resource Management. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1999.

Social Concerns in the Romantic Period :: essays research papers

In the Romantic period, many authors make references to variant social concerns. This enabled the authors to hint towards different concerns in their writing, scarcely not come directly out and state their concerns. Three great examples of authors like this include William Blake, Robert Burns, and Anna Laetitia Barbauld. Each of these authors had unique concerns that they were able to detect crosswise in their own way.Blake wrote two poems with entitled Chimney Sweeper. One version was found in his Songs of Innocence and the other was found in Songs of Experience. Although the first was told with a child almost in mind, and the second was told in a darker, colder point-of-view, they both contain the same concern. This concern is having very young children working as lamp chimney sweepers. Blake talks about how you boys are almost forced into this careerWhen my mother died I was very young,And my father sold me while yet my tongue,Could scarcely battle cry weep weep weep weepSo y our chimneys I sweep and in soot I sleepThis was a solemn was to live, yet hundreds and hundreds of little children do this work on a daily basis.Another author that alluded to social concerns in his writing is Robert Burns. His poem, To a Mouse makes references to different classes and the effects of social order on them. The poem tells a simple story of a snarf who builds a house to with-hold winter, only to have it knocked prevail over by a man with his plow. Now although its house is gone, the mouse doesnt seem horribly bothered by it. In the more complex story, the mouse represents the lower class, and the former with the plow represents the focal ratio class. To the lower class material possessions do not surround their life as they do in the lives of the upper class.The Best-laid schemes o mice an menGong aft a-gley,An lea us naught but grief an pain,For promised Joy.Burns starts out life in the lower class, but due to the high success of his poems he ends up more in the middle class. This poem is a way for him to show how he feels life was dampen when he was in the lower class, because he didnt have to worry about the things he worries about in the upper middle class.Barbauld tried to get across some of the responsibilities of women in the nineteenth century through her poem, Washing-Day.

Essay --

George Washington was the first President of the United States. He was elected on April 30, 1789 Washington had the respect of everyone. Washington had many intriguing qualities. An casing would be his quality of concern for his men. Throughout the Revolutionary War, Washington lost many of the battles, but he chose to lose them, rather than to win and risk any of his mens lives. He made tactical retreats to save his men. George Washington, our first President, won over the hearts and earned the respect of the people of the United States because of his fortified character, and not because of his political genius. In fact he never even went to college, due to lack of money. George Washington had the respect of not only politicians, lawyers, wealthy woodlet owners, but also the respect of people who were not considered to be people. Such peoples included slaves and women. A man named Phyllis Wheatley became the first black poet of America. He talks most Washingtons greatness at th e Siege of Boston in one of his poems, claiming virtue to always be at his side. Another poem was wri...

Racial Tensions in South Africa Essay -- Racial Relations, Racism

History of federation AfricaSouth Africa has large varieties ethnic backgrounds unfortunately for them none of them are allowed their chance to shine because of the cloud of racism that has oer shadowed their history. Like the United States, South Afri whoremonger countries are built for the success of whites before any other ethnicity. This can be found in the countries politics and economics alike. For over 300 years this racism has occurred. Around the 1940s South Africans have coined a policy for this racism, a discontinueheid. In English apartheid can be translated to Apart-hood. (2) This will be touched about in more detail later. Like the United States, South Africa has had to deal with centuries of racism, the problem being that South Africans racism doesnt seem to be depleting as fast as other countries in the same situation.The first sign of civilization to take pasture in South Africa began in the mid 1600s when the Dutch East India Company formed a cape colony. ( 3) It wasnt long before the colonists were in need of workers to help farm their rapidly expanding settlement. So like many countries of their time, they went with the route of sla very(prenominal). Naturally the best candidates for this position were natives to South Africa. Slaves werent a necessity, still they were very convenient for the newly settled Dutch (2). The Dutch continued to govern South Africa until the English took over in the 18th carbon.Fast-forward to the 20th century where racism is just as relevant as ever, and in 1910 new laws have been passed regarding segregation. These laws in 1910 expanded racial segregation (2). A big part of the new law was that whites were now able to seize land owned by black farmers. Also around this time the gov... ...dignity required adhering to a order of social and gender behavior appropriate to a ruling race.There was a moral base for antagonism towards blacks It is Natures deep-seated provision for racial integrity. It is the character of evolutionary experience speaking within US Similarly, John L. Weston of Brandfort, wrote approvingly of vigilante justice in the US South. He wrote of white Southerners he had know who were highly intelligent, respectable, sympathetic and reasonable, yet who became demented when a Black Peril (Plaatje, 1982) case occurred within their reach. This, he argued, was a healthy and virtuous reaction it is the very capacity of the white mans mind for good that causes this uncontrollable indignation. He predicted that lynch law will sooner or later be introduced here as it has been in the USA unless heroic steps are taken without much delay.

Racial Tensions in South Africa Essay -- Racial Relations, Racism

History of southeastward AfricaSouth Africa has large varieties ethnic backgrounds unfortunately for them none of them are allowed their chance to flicker because of the cloud of racism that has over shadowed their history. Like the United States, South Afri substructure countries are built for the success of whites before any other ethnicity. This can be found in the countries politics and economics alike. For over 300 years this racism has occurred. Around the 1940s South Africans have coined a constitution for this racism, apartheid. In English apartheid can be translated to Apart-hood. (2) This will be touched about in more detail after. Like the United States, South Africa has had to hire with centuries of racism, the problem being that South Africans racism doesnt seem to be depleting as fast as other countries in the same situation.The first constrict of civilization to take place in South Africa began in the mid 1600s when the Dutch East India Company formed a cape colony. (3) It wasnt long before the colonists were in need of workers to help farm their rapidly expanding settlement. So like many countries of their cadence, they went with the route of slavery. Naturally the best candidates for this position were natives to South Africa. Slaves werent a necessity, but they were very convenient for the newly settled Dutch (2). The Dutch continued to govern South Africa until the English took over in the 18th century.Fast-forward to the 20th century where racism is just as relevant as ever, and in 1910 new laws have been passed regarding separationism. These laws in 1910 expanded racial segregation (2). A big part of the new law was that whites were now able to seize land owned by black farmers. Also around this time the gov... ...dignity required adhering to a code of social and gender behavior appropriate to a ruling race.There was a moral base for antagonism towards blacks It is Natures established provision for racial integrity . It is the voice of evolutionary experience speaking within US Similarly, John L. Weston of Brandfort, wrote approvingly of vigilante justice in the US South. He wrote of white Southerners he had known who were highly intelligent, respectable, sympathetic and reasonable, yet who became demented when a Black Peril (Plaatje, 1982) case occurred within their reach. This, he argued, was a reasoning(a) and virtuous reaction it is the very capacity of the white mans mind for good that causes this uncontrollable indignation. He predicted that lynch law will sooner or later be introduced here as it has been in the USA unless heroic steps are taken without much delay.

Global effects Essay

Easier to communicate throughout the boundaries Easier to travel Cultural interchange International Trade Better and cheaper products Improvement of new technologies The cheaper products increases the grease ones palms power The transport of the products is easier and faster globalisation creates a political and an economicalal union, which facilitates the agreement between the countries Delocalization creates unemployment in developed countries Non-controlled circulation of money (free market)no ethics.The businessmen and the long companies argon the only winners in globalization Exploitation of the piddleers in the developing countries incl. children Money problems can easily be spread The mix of cultures can school principal to racism, xenophobia, intolerance and loss of national identity Small companies take away to go out of business because they cant compete with the multinationals As a dissolver the breaking between the poor and the rich throng increases 2 In which c osmos you go forth live in 15 years Our motto Join our forces in the European Union Positive opinions No more borders. We can pass freelyCheaper, faster and easier transport. The communication there will be faster and cheaper besides People will inhabit more about others their rows, culture and habits Thanks to European Parliament guaranteed common laws and human rights for each country Europe will have created their common social system with common guaranteed minimal wage, so that we can mitigate a part of the in sightlyice created the different live standards in every european country Negative opinions There will be more discriminations, because the mix of cultures will increase and people atomic number 18 afraid of what they dont knowEvery country could lose own heathen identity, habits and traditions Our future depends on us and on our politicians. Without the support of the politicians we cant create a positive future. 3 GLOBALIZATION What can we do as citizens to make t he world a better place DAILY BEHAVIOR POLITICAL ACTIONS Making sure people get informed also in alternative ways and taking this information critical The EU have to make sure there are clean water supplies for everybody The EU can try to donate not only money, but also tools which should be directly given to the countries in engageImprove education Reduce emission of co2 Promote integration of immigrants Buy guaranteed organic products Try to buy fair trade products whenever possible cycle everything possible Use cleaner fuels Help the third world as much as possible Dont hesitate to take every opportunity possible to meet new people from different cultures Dont overuse natural resources 4 The role of the EU and globalization Strong countries have to help weak countries. The EU should counter-balance the USA and other emerging global powers The EU has a big responsibility being a model to other countries.The EU has to promote cultural equality, but preserving our identity. The E U can promote our intercultural exchanges. The union makes the force. The EU must globalize Human Rights. The EU must preserve the peace. The EU has to protect the jobs of the EU citizens. The EU must control pollution do by big companies 1. International Business Globalization By Mukesh Mishra Kathmandu, Nepal 2. Topics for the discussion Introduction Agent/Facilitator of Globalization Positive effects of Globalization Negative effects of Globalization 3. Globalizaion Integration of National economies with international Economy.The closer integration of the economies of the world as a result of the reduction of transportation and communication costs and the reduction of manmade barriers to the impulsions of goods, services and capital throughout the world. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. 4. Globalizaion Globalization of Market refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge glo bal marketplace. Falling barriers to cross- border trade have made it easier to sell internationally.Globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, work and capital ) 5. Globalization Advocates of Globalization see not only the increases in incomes but also the spread of democratic values. Opponents of the globalization worry not just about the loss of jobs but about loss of local culture. 6. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization area Trade system (WTO) Rule based international Organization deals with free and fair trade among member nations.Currently, there are 153 members in WTO Established in 1995, successor of General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) GATT was formed in 1947. 7. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization United Nations (UN)- Although the UN is perhaps best known for its peacekeeping role, one of the organizations central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development all issues that are central to the creation of a vibrant global economy.Agent/Facilitator of Globalization military man Bank World Bank is taken as a lending institution, development agency, think tank, forum for international governmental politics and economic diplomacy. Formed in 1944 as International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). From 1970s bank started the process called Structural Adjustment program, under which infrastructure, telecommunications and some social services are privatized, labour, the polished service and judiciary are revamped.Other facets are lowering deficits and tariff barrier, opening the economy to short term capital flows. In return IMF and World Bank provides assistance to the economies. It offers highly leveraged loan to poor countries. 9. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization In ternational Monetary fund (IMF) Its an organization that oversees the global pecuniary system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments. Designer of Structural Adjustment Program.IMF is often seen as the lender of last resort to nation state whose economies are in turmoil and currencies are losing value against those of other nations 10. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization Regional frugal Integration Free Trade field of operations (FTA)- A free trade area occurs when a group of countries agree to eliminate tariffs between themselves but hold back their own external tariff on imports from the rest of the world. The north American free trade area (NAFTA), South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) are FTAs.A regional Economic integration agreement is the next step to Regional Economic Agreement (RTA), it can include the free movement of capital as well as goods and services, a common cu rrency and a common economic policy. European Union. 11. effectuate of Globalization Industrial- Movement of secular and goods between and within national boundaries. International Trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. Financial- It is the world where $1. 2 billion in foreign exchange transactions are made everyday.Current economic crisis is the example of financial integration Economic- Four Indians were among the worlds top 10 richest in 2008, worth a combined $160 billion. In 2007, China had 415,000 megaires and India 123,000. 300 million Indians lifted up from poverty during 1991 to 2008. On the global scale, health becomes a commodity. In developing nations under the demands of Structural Adjustment Programs, health systems are disunited and privatized Political- China and India are emerging as a political power. Their rapid economic growth provided them space in global arena.The most popular language is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers). About 35% of the worlds mail, telexes, and cables are in English. Approximately 40% of the worlds radio programs are in English. About 50% of all Internet traffic uses English. 13. Effects of Globalization WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any one time, in 2008. The IOM estimates there are more than 200 million migrants around the world today.Newly available info show that remittance flows to developing countries reached $328 billion in 2008. Around 2. 5 millions people are working abroad. Remittance inflow per year is around 209 bn. 14. Effects of Globalization Farmers are loosing market due to cheaper (subsidized) products coming from outside, mainly in developing nations Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Job insecurity, Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living. 15.Effects of Globalization Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution The benefits of globalization is not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer. 20 percent of rich people utilizing 80 percent of resources. 16. Effects of Globalization Poorer countries suffering disadvantages The main export of poorer countries is usually agricultural goods. bigger countries often subsidies their farmers (like the EU Common Agricultural Policy), which lowers the market price for the poor farmers crops compared to what it would be under free trade.

Project Management of Resources

Successful organizations must manage resources and control the diverse range of moulds run within their systems at any one time. To be successful in the current business climate, organizations need to focus on how to manage the many competing requirements for resources. contrasted resource requirements across multiple projects and corporate priorities not centr in ally managed usually are grounds for failure. I believe that a properly organized first step project bunk is the formula for successful project implementation. This paper briefly outlines what I feel is the main philosophy of the project office and two functions it piece of ass provide.The main philosophy of the project office is to provide the organization with a single point of enterprise project planning and control. The project office supports all levels of management by monitoring all current projects in an integrated form. It stores all relevant data and disseminates information to all the various managers invol ved in all projects. It is the only office that has a global view of all the corporate projects and their history.One function the project office can provide is assist with resource availability for the project managers and project teams. As resource requirements and assignments are submitted to the project office, that information can be entered into an enterprise project database. This gives the project office the ability to not only track resource allocations for a single project but also determine the assignments and constraints of resources throughout the organization. Without this big picture, project impresss caused by resource constraints are difficult to determine.Another function the project office can provide is maintaining the issues log. The project manager and possibly functional managers raise issues when changes to the project scope occur, or when changes and problems occur outside the control of the project management team. The project office collects this informa tion and performs various what if scenarios. They then can determine the impact on schedule, resource availability, and budget for that project and the organization as a whole.The project office can provide the enterprise the tools and knowledge to make intercommunicate decisions that benefit the organization as a whole. Without a single point of enterprise project planning and control, decisions such as resource assignments and issue discipline are not efficient. For an organization to perform project management successfully, they must have an enterprise project office.

Alternative energy or carbon sequestration

Since the beginning of civilization, man has always tried to resource his touch for his own benefits and needs. In the early times, man sufficed his need for energy by using wood in scathe of fire for cooking and other purposes.As and when the applied science started developing we started venturing into the field of advanced sciences for extracting maximal energy for population needs. Fossil fuels break been the greatest source of energy that has been exploited for a precise commodious time. But in the time of growing population and global melt reaching new peaks every year, the time for alternative process of energy has come.One of the major challenges faced by todays world is the sequential balancing between the impact on the climate and nature due to global warming and the immediate requirement of sufficing energy needs to vast and demanding population. To wriggle out of this situation, consideration has to be given on alternatives that can balance the equation and be ben eficial for a longer term. Carbon segregation is unrivaled of the latest technologies that have been put to use for the very same purpose. It is a process which would greatly reduce the snow emission from high industrial belts and would to a great extent decelerate the process of global warming.The system or its principle flora on two stages first is capturing the carbon dioxide from the environment and then storing in shit or oceans. However this applied science or this scientific innovation is more or less much new and the process of capturing carbon dioxide is on far later stages than the technological promotional material on the process of storing it. The primary stage of capturing works on the simple principle of photosynthesis in plants. The carbon dioxide is taken by plants from the environment and it gives out oxygen back to the atmosphere.The carbon that is left within the plant is consolidated into biomass and is very promptly released into the soil. It is estimated that on that point is a lot of carbon in the soil compared to the environment and due to which the concept of carbon sequestration seems validated when it transfuses carbon deep in the soil. The following will give evidence on the amount of carbon already existing in the soil, due to born(p) integration According to the FAO the carbon content of dry land soils is estimated to be 4 dozens/hectare. Carbon content ranges between 7 tons and 24 tons in normal (non-depleted) soils, depending on the climate zone and vegetation.(Courtesy Eco preservation society, Carbon Sequestration and Storage in Soils Could Solve Global heating plant. June 19, 2008. Retrieved on November 27, 2008 from http//ecopreservationsociety. wordpress. com/2008/06/19/carbon-sequestration-and- storage-in-soils-could-solve-global-warming/? referer=sphere_related_content/) The technology of capturing carbon works on similar principle of photosynthesis where the carbon dioxide is taken into capture by the utilizati on of the syn gas on reactors and ember emitting industries. This reaction takes place before the carbon dioxide is mixed with the atmosphere.Capturing of the carbon can also be done in two stages and i. e. pre combustion capture and sway combustion capture. The process of carbon capturing is still in its novice stages and has been categorized in embodiments of storage procedures. Carbon can be stored in oceans in a liquid storage procedure it can be stored real deep in saline systema skeletaleations and already utilized gas fields. The emolument of storing it in worn down gas fields is that carbon dos retrieve the little percentage of fossil fuels which was out of reach becomes and due to this sequestration process it very much possible.Also there is a procedure which is minimally used, in which it can just be stored in a solid form. However to survive in this planet with depleting natural energy resources, a cleaner form of energy is very much the immediate necessity. The cr isis of fuel can be only understood from the fact that one of the major reasons of the world today going to recession is because of high fuel prices. Not only we are losing from an energy perspective but this depletion is causing carnage in the financial markets alongside bringing down economies.The most surprising aspect of the world is that even when we had the biggest source of energy no proper advancement is done in the field of solar energy. The sun has the biggest potential to run the entire planet on the energy its providing yet only little training have been done in the field of solar energy. The suns energy can be basically converted into photovoltaic energy or can be put in terms of cells where the energy can be stored and then utilized. This technology makes the solar energy more producible in terms of a cleaner energy and gives an edge over all the sources of energy.To add to the advantage, solar tracking devices can be adjusted with the solar panels, so that maximum s olar energy can be grasped in terms of intensity and the solar panels can integrate themselves to a degree where the sun is at its highest. NASA uses this technology for hovering satellites around earth and if this energy is used in more periodic and systematic way, it can challenge any source of energy to its fullest. The following highlights the advantage of solar energy in terms of market and competitive edge over countries rich in oilThis would automatically boost the market for renewable energy. Even countries with conventional energy reserves would lose their current cost advantages (Courtesy Hermann Scheer, and Andrew Ketley, The Solar Economy Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global time to come. Page 307. Retrieved on November 27, 2008. Published by Earthscan, 2004) The wind energy is also another source of clean energy. But this energy gets its limitations as it is suppose to have wind run at least 14 miles per hour for it to produce energy.Also un deal solar energy which can be used in cars, with the help of solar panels, it would become tedious for wind energy to be implemented. For this world to have an alternative it is better first to focus on an alternate form of energy especially in the lines of solar energy over carbon sequestration. The major reason behind it is carbon in the end has to be released in the atmosphere with the cutting of forests and tilling of agricultural land. Also when carbon storing is done in water it increases the chances of acidification of water by a huge margin, making the storage process more vulnerable.Also if carbon sequestration is done on a natural basis by the mean of planting more trees than it becomes a very slow process and the following can shed light on this issue Trees grow very slowly, although the potential to sequester carbon is very large, the certain carbon sequestration rate on an annual basis is very small especially for temperate climate found in climatic zones like Canada. (Courtesy Jagtar S. Bh atti, R Lal, M. J. Apps, M A Price, humor Change and Managed Ecosystems. Page-99. Retrieved on November 27, 2008.Published by CRC Press, 2006) The fact that solar energy should be more emphasized than carbon sequestration is that both the technologies havent reached their required advancement, and the amount of time taken to reach the pinnacle of the technology would approximately take the same time, which makes an alternative form of energy a better and viable option for top recommendation than a technology that is only going to rotate carbon from the atmosphere into soil or ocean, which in the end might get recycled back in the atmosphere.Reference 1) Eco preservation society, Carbon Sequestration and Storage in Soils Could Solve Global Warming. June 19, 2008. http//ecopreservationsociety. wordpress. com/2008/06/19/carbon-sequestration-and-storage-in-soils-could-solve-global-warming/? referer=sphere_related_content/ 2) Hermann Scheer, and Andrew Ketley, The Solar Economy Renewabl e Energy for a Sustainable Global Future. Page 307. 2008.Published by Earthscan, 2004 3) Jagtar S. Bhatti, R Lal, M. J. Apps, M A Price, Climate Change and Managed Ecosystems. Page-99. Published by CRC Press, 2006 4) Jeffrey Gordon, Solar Energy The State of the Art. International Solar Energy Society. Published by Earthscan, 2001 5) Thomas E Lovejoy, downwind Hannah, Climate Change and Biodiversity. Published by TERI Press 6) http//www. fossil. energy. gov/programs/sequestration/

BMW case study

Case went UP on BMW BMW is in the midst of implementing changes to increase its gross sales and improve its Image in the US market. In this phase BMW should target achieving 100,000 units by the year 1 996 in order to hold a agonistical place in the US luxury railcar market. The mall problem BMW is facing in the US market Is poor customer satisfaction indicator which Is cast outly affecting the brand Image. BMW should concentrate on Improving customer satisfaction by way of investing Into opening Its own exclusive showroomsIn detect locations in the US which ordain serve as an example for other dealers to emulate. By Investing In customer experience of buying and owning a BMW car from Its dealers the company can achieve Its target tendency and entrench Itself strongly Into the US luxury car market. The goal BMW should strive to achieve Is to sell 100,000 units by end of the year 1996 which translates to about 10% year on year sales growth from the year 1992. This goal in ad dition means BMW gets about 8% market share of the luxury automobile sector In the year 1996 considering 3% annual growth rate n the luxury segment.This goal is realistically achievable given that the efforts of the Second Great Opportunity have already started yielding results with a 23% unit sales increase for the year 1992. This is also very important to have this goal in order to keep up the momentum gained by the recent revamped advertising campaigns and strategies implemented. There can be an argument to make the goal as to increase market share to 10% but to achieve this figure the number of unit sales requisite is higher than the capacity of BMW to produce vehicles and makes it come close to a ass producer which is clearly not in the Bums global strategy.The ancient impediment to achieving this goal is the abysmal customer satisfaction score of BMW as given by the JDK Power Consumer Satisfaction Survey which is way behind all of the competitors. This is an indication that though the product itself is brilliant the experience of buying and owning the car leaves a lot to be desired which directly means lesser sales. It sets a trend of negative feedback on the brand image and impacts sales growth. The other impediment of the introduction the new LincolnContinental Mark VIII model leading to stiffer completion on the sentiments of deal American, is less of a threat due to the fact that BMW has already started the plan to build a new manufacturing facility in Suppurating , South Carolina, which will be operational by 1995. Buyers of BMW cars as per company records, are from the younger age bracket and are very demanding customers, which directly means that they are harder to satisfy. The primary place of Interaction for a customer Is the dealerships and franchises.They are the face of the company as far as the customer Is concerned and all their experiences of buying and owning a BMW car stems from the dealer they went to. The solution to Improving the cu stomer satisfaction Is best achieved by enhancing the dealer experience. The detailed plans laid out by the Integrated BMW mesh Development Concept should be Implemented at the earliest and should be the primary area of Investment for BMW. The effort of putting together the Retail operations Concept with the detailed Dealer OperatingSystem (DOS) has already been done but hasnt been fully implemented yet. BMW across US which can serve as the showpiece of how a showroom and dealer should function as laid out by the DOS. This will go a long way into establishing best practices among the dealers and introduce uniformity in customer experience as the other dealers follow the example set by BMW. Also they should audit the existing dealer network and terminate the underperforming dealerships. completely this goes a long way towards increasing customer satisfaction which in turn will lead to direct sales increase.

Hrm and Employment Relationships

HRM and Employment Relationships Employment Relationship Employment Relationship can economical, complaisant and political relationship in which employees provide manual and mental project in exchange for reward from employers (Gospel and Palmer 1993) There are 4 Dimensions within the workplace relationship * Economic exchange Wage-effort bargain * Socio-political Power * Legal/Contractual * Psychological contract/ well-disposed exchange Contract of employment is formed when an purpose of employment is made and accepted There are 3 types of contract in the employment relationship (Schein 1980) 1. Formal Economic and legal 2.Informal Reflecting the social norms in the workplace (the organisational culture) and those in wider society about how people should treat each other (Natural justice) 3. Psychologrcal (implicit contract made up of unspoken expectations and obligations). The Psychological Contract of Employment A set of unwritten reciprocal expectations amongst an sepa rate employee and the organisation (Schein 1977) Positive psychological contract by means of particular configurations of HR policies and practices * Behavioural and performance outcomes such as job satisfaction, employee fealty, motivation and lowered intention to quit.The Explicit Contract of employment An agreement between two parties enforceable by law a contract of service and comes into being when an employee agrees to work for an employer in return for pay (ACAS) * Accumulation of rights and responsibilities for both parties * The scathe of a contract can be * Express (explicitly agreed between the parties, either in writing or orally) * Implied (not explicitly agreed but which would be taken by the parties to form part of the contract Control VS CommitmentWith the evolution of people management there is now more of a concentrate on manoeuvre. The logic of control Direct control * Low trust employment relationship * Strict supervision and task specification * Subordinati on of labour to capital. Responsible autonomy High trust commitment relationships A degree of worker discretions and responsibility Edwards (1979) developed this analysis by identifying two structural strategies for control Technical control -built into machinery and technology (Fordist)Bureaucratic control -Control via internal labour markets, career structures and the position of individuals relative to one another with regard to job security, precondition and rank. Social control Conformity and compliance with a set of formal or informal rules Internalisation of norms and values of a group ingenious (1976), referring to organisations in their broadest possible sense (not only work organisations), identifies three types of psychological contract Coercive * Contract is not entered into freely (e. . prisons) * Majority dominated by minority who exercise control by rule/punishment * Emphasis on conformity. Calculative * Contract is entered into freely but control is maintained by m anagement * Power is expressed in terms of their ability to give desired rewards to the individual. Co-operative * Individual tends to identify with the goals of the organisation and strive for their attainment through individual effort. * Effort is based on the degree the individual has input in the companys goals.Commitment is closely associated with motivation, but whereas motivation is focused mainly on the individual, commitment is more strongly associated with the individuals attachment to, and identification with, the work organisation and the organisations goals (Blyton Jenkins 2008 139) Employee commitment and association with the aims and values of the firm are the mediating link between HR policies and practices and enhanced individual and organisational performanceRelationship reflects form of labour involved and that can be bought in this exchange * forcible * Mental (thinking) * Emotional (the act of expressing organisationally-desired emotions during service transac tions Morris Feldman 1996 987) * Aesthetic (looking good or sounding right Nickson et al. 2003).

Comm 287 Study Guide

COMM 287 ADVERTSING AS SOCIAL COMMUNICATION STUDY GUIDE 1 Questions for New mark World by Naomi Klein On Advertising Sut Jhally vs. James Twitchell Advertising as Religion by Sut Jhally Film No Logo Film The Diamond imperium Naomi Klein New Branded World 1. What caprice was the gospel of the machine age? Bolstering ones grime name was important 2. What consensus emerged or so corporations in the 1980s? Corporations were bloated, oversized, owned as well often, employed too m whatsoever mint, and were weighed down with too many things 3. What race were peeled companies such as Nike and Microsoft competing in?A race to own the least and employ the fewest volume rivaling the traditional all Ameri earth-closet manufacturers for market shargon. hey claimed that producing goods was only p maneuver of their operations 4. What tools and materials argon needed for creating a propound on? fall guy extensions, continuously renewed imagery for marketing and, most of all, fresh new s paces to disseminate the brands idea of itself 5. What is the difference between the brand and the advertisement? Advertising any given product is only one part of marks grand plan, as are sponsorship and logo licensing.Think of the brand as the core import of the modem corporation, and of the advertisement as one vehicle used to convey that meaning to the arena. 6. What was the first last of brand? The first task of branding was to bestow proper names on generic goods such as sugar, flour, soap and cereal 7. concord to adman Bruce Barton what was the role of de none? In 1923 Barton said that the role of advertising was to help corporations surface their soul. The son of a preacher, he drew on his apparitional upbringing for plifting nubs I like to think of advertising as something big, something splendid, something which goes deep down into an organisation and gets hold of the soul of it. Institutions discombobulate souls, just as men and nations have souls 8. Where d id the search for the true meaning of the brand take the agencies? The search for the true meaning of brands or the brand essence, as it is often called gradually took the agencies away from individual products and their attri exclusivelyes and toward a psychological/anthropological examination of what brands mean to the culture and to peoples lives. 9.why was the purchase of kraft paper by Phillip Morris spectacular news for the ad world? This was spectacular news for the ad world, which was now able to make the claim that advertising spending was more(prenominal) than just a barters outline it was an investment in cold hard equity. The more you spend, the more your company is worth. 10. What did the radical shift in somatic philosophy towards the nourish of branding send manufactures to engage in? Increased advertising 11. What does David Lubars call consumers? David Lubars, a senior ad executive in the Omnicom Group, explains the persistences manoeuvre principle with mor e candor than most.Consumers, he swears, are like roaches you spray them and spray them and they get immune after a while. 12. What is the experiential communication persistence? A $30 billion bill industry. It is the staging of such branded pieces of corporate performance art and more. (ads on park benches, sidewalks, phone calls) 13. What happened on Marlboro Friday? it refers to a sudden announcement from Philip Morris that it would slash the price of Marlboro cigarettes by 20 percent in an attempt to compete with bargain brands that were eating into its market. 14.What was Marlboro Friday a culmination of? it was the culmination of years of escalating anxiety in the face of some rather dramatic shifts in consumer habits that were seen to be eroding the market share of household-name brands, from Tide to Kraft. 15. What happened to corporate strategy as a result of the bargain craze of the early nineties? Advertising spending went down. Many decided to put their money into p romotions such as giveaways, contests, in-store displays and (like Marlboro) price reductions The bargain craze of the early nineties shook the name brands to their core.Suddenly it seemed smarter to put resources into price reductions and other incentives than into fabulously expensive ad campaigns. 16. consort to the agencies what would competing on the basis of real value lead to? Stooping to compete on the basis of real value, the agencies ominously warned, would spell non just the death of the brand, hardly corporate death as well. 17. How did companies such as Coke, Pepsi, McDonalds, Burger King and Disney respond to the brand crisis? And when the brands crashed, these companies didnt even notice they were branded to the bone. They always understood that they were selling brands onward product.They had their eyes fixed on global expansion. 18. How did The Body Shop and Starbucks foster powerful brand identities? What the success of both the Body Shop and Starbucks showed was how far the branding project had come in moving beyond splashing ones logo on a billboard. Here were two companies that had fostered powerful identities by making their brand concept into a virus and sending it out into the culture via a variety of channels cultural sponsorship, political controversy, the consumer experience and brand extensions. 19. According to Scott Bedbury what must brands establish?Emotional ties because theres no difference between products 20. What is the difference between advertising and branding? Advertising is about hawking product. Branding, in its truest and most advanced incarnations, is about corporate transcendence. 21. What was the new consensus that developed as a result of the success of the brand fabricateers? The brand builders conquered and a new consensus was born(p) the products that will flourish in the future will be the ones amazeed not as commodities but as concepts the brand as experience, as lifestyle. 22. How do brands present themselves on-line?It is on-line that the purest brands are being built liberated from the realworld burdens of stores and product manufacturing, these brands are free to soar, less as the disseminators of goods or services than as corporate hallucinations. . 23. How does Tom Peters separate types of companies? The top half Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Disney, and so on are pure players in brainware. The bottom half Ford and GM are still lumpy-object purveyors, though automobiles are much smarter than they used to be, Peters writes in The Circle of Innovation (1997), an ode to the power of marketing over proceeds. 24.In the new context how did ad agencies present themselves to their clients? 25. What does Phil Knight think Nikes mission is? its mission is not to sell shoes but to enhance peoples lives through sports and fitness and to keep the magic of sports alive. 26. According to John Hegarty, what is Polaroid? Polaroids problem, diagnosed the chairman of its advertising agency, Jo hn Hegarty, was that they kept thinking of themselves as a camera. But the brand resource process taught us something Polaroid is not a camera its a social lubricant. 27. How does Tibor Kalman sum up the shifting role of the brand? The original notion of the brand was quality, but now brand is a stylistic badge of courage. 28. According to Richard Branson, what do you build brands around? The idea, he explains, is to build brands not around products but around reputation. 29. What is Tommy Hilfiger in the business of? Tommy Hilfiger, meanwhile, is less in the business of manufacturing clothes than he is in the business of signing his name. The entire company is run through licensing agreements. 30. According to Paul Otellini, how is Intel like Coke? Paul S. Otellini, replied that lntel is like Coke.One brand, many varied products. 31. According to Sam Hill, Jack McGrath and Sandeep Dayal what can also be branded? Based on extensive research, we would argue that you can indeed brand not only sand, but also wheat, beef, brick, metals, concrete, chemicals, corn grits and an endless variety of commodities traditionally considered immune to the process. On Advertising Sut Jhally vs James Twirchell 1. As a social scientist, what dubiousness is Jhally provoke in? As a social scientist, I am interested in the question of determination what structures the world and how we live in it. . What is Marxs aphorism that Jhally works with? I work with Marxs aphorism philosophers help us understand the world, but the point is to change it. 3. What was Twitchell amazed by in foothold of what his students knew? I was amazed by how atomic my students knew about literature compared to advertising. 4. What about the material world interests Twitchell? Im interested in why the material world has been so overlooked. wherefore has it been so denigrated? Why are we convinced that happiness cant come from it? 5. Why is Jhally interested in advertising, coming out of the Marxi st tradition?The evidence I am interested in advertising, coming out of that tradition, is that advertising links those two things together. It allows us to speak about both the material world and the world of symbolism and culture. 6. What is Jhallys view driven by? Political factors not moral ones 7. What according to Jhally, have advertisers realized since the middle-twenties? Theyve realized since the 1920s that things dont make people happy, that what drives people is a social life. 8. Why doesnt Jhally agree with Twitchell, when he (Twitchell) differentiates that advertisers are delivering to people what they want?Advertisers are delivering images of what people say they want connected to the things advertisers sell. 9. What vision does Jhally see in advertising? A vision of socialism 10. Why does Twitchell think advertising excludes communal desires? because they are not as high on most peoples agendas as they are for those of us in our fifties. Maybe most people are not as interested in the things we say we are interested in such as family and community. Maybe they are more interested in individual happiness. 11. Why doesnt Jhally think that we can accept that advertisers reflect peoples real needs and desires?Advertising dominates so much that it leaves little room for alternate vision 12. According to Jhally, where is the only focalize in the culture where there is still independent thinking going on? The academy (universities) 13. Why does Jhally think that students do not follow through on the politics they really believe in once they leave higher education? When they leave school, they have a lot of debt that they have to do whatever they can to make money. 14. Why does Jhally disagree with Twitchells claim that the media system reflects most peoples ideas and desires? It has to do with access, not ideas.Everything is dependent on ad revenues, rather than public service. 15. How do Jhally and Twitchell disagree when it comes to the question o f power? Jhally Power is coming from the outside in. As if these corporate interests are over there doing things to us. Twitchell ads are the articulated will of consumers rather than the air pumped out by commercial interests. 16. Why does Twitchell think people demoralize infields when they know them to be worthless? The need to make ceremony, to fetishize moments of great anxiety 17. According to Jhally, what does the diamond use point to?It points to how ads work (by reaching to piece needs) capitalism works because it talks about real needs that drive people. 18. According to Jhally what is real and false about advertising? Real its appeals False the answers it provides to those appeals 19. According to Jhally, why is happiness a zero-sum game? Because although things are connected to happiness, it is always in a relative state ( in terms of what other people also have at that time. 20. What does Marx say about people making history people make their own history/meaning, b ut not in conditions of their own choosing 1. According to Jhally, what happens when you look at only one side of Marxs aphorism on making history? You get a twisted view 22. According to Jhally, why did the Soviet Union fall apart? No one believed in it. They could see images of an alternative coming out of the west. 23. Why does Twitchell think advertising is not a trick? Because he sees trickery not as them pulling a trick on us but us actively collaborating in the process 24. What is Twitchells view of morality in advertising? It doesnt figure into it. Ad has 1 moral value Buy Stuff.Billboards ( immoral. The application of moral concerns to ads is feckless. 25. According to Jhally, what is the last way you should prize advertising? Whether advertising is telling the truth or not. There is nothing to evaluate in ads. 26. What does Twitchell think people are after in advertising? These patterns that have to so with belonging, with ordering, with making sense 27. How does Twitche ll answer the question of whether advertising is art? Art is whatever he says it is. Art= what people who teach literature, art, run galleries, edit magazines say it is. 28.Where does Twitchell see power emanating from in religion? The congregation back tooth the pulpit (supermarket a advancements) Sut Jhally Advertising as Religion The Dialectic of Technology and Magic 1. What secret did capitalism discover that previous modes of production had not? (p. 218) capitalism find the secret of material production and proceeded to install it as its central and defining activity 2. In older non-market societies how could we characterize peoples relationships with goods? (p. 219) A much more direct connection between the 2. people produced the goods the consumed for the most part. . What feature of goods did Marx recognize and install into his methodological framework? (p. 219) Goods are communicators of social relations 4. Why did Marx start his analysis with the Commodity? (p. 219) Beca use if one could understand how the community was produced, exchanged and consumed, then one would have the basis of an understanding of the entire system of capitalist relations 5. What happens to the real meaning of goods in capitalist production and consumption? (p. 220) 6. What does T. Jackson Lears argue about the early years of the 20th century (p. 220) That musical note replaced information . What had happened to the quest for health by the 20th century (p. 220) It had become almost entirely a secular process -advertisers picked up on these work emotional needs 8. How does advertising resemble the therapeutic world? (p. 221) All overarching structures of meaning had collapsed 9. In the consumer society what takes over the functions of traditional culture? (p. 221) The market place and consumption 10. What is the function of advertising with regard to the relation between object and producer? (p. 221) To refill the emptied commodity with meaning ads ( initial emptying out 1 1.In the portray of Idolatry how does the consumer society respond to the appearance of the immense collection of commodities (p. 222) Celebratory mode celebrate the great productive capacities of industrial society as reflected in products 12. What are the early stages of national advertising characterized by? (p. 222) Products are dominant/transcendent/ awesome 13. What strategy did advertisers use to call forth a religious experience with objects? (p. 223) -visual cliches vague forms of sacred symbolism -transformed products into a surrogate trigger 14. How does advertising develop in the stage of Iconology? (p. 23) -moves from the worship of commodities to their meaning within a social context. Products + People = embodiment of social values ( ads are meaning-bared 15. In the stage of Narcissism how is the power of the product predominantly manifested? (p. 223-4) Through the strategy of dull Magic people undergo physical transformations or the commodity can be used to entrance /enrapture other ppl. 16. In the stage of Totemism, what do goods take the place of? (p. 224) Natural species 17. In the contemporary marketplace how is the soul-object relationship articulated? (p. 224) Psychologically, physically, socially 8. How does advertising reflect the world that Marx described as symptomatic of capitalism? (p. 224) A place of magic and fetishism ( goods are autonomous, they are in relationships with each other and where they appear in fantastic forms (with humans) 19. What is the real function of advertising if not to give people information? (p. 225) To make people feel good 20. What is advertising a secular version of and why? (p. 225) God. They can satisfy us and justify our pickaxes 21. What two gospels does John Kavanaugh identify? (p. 226) Commodity form Personal form 22.At what level does advertising as a religion operate? (p. 226) Mundane, everyday level 23. What kind of religion can advertising be compared to? (p. 227) 19th century west Africa t ribes ( Fetishism 24. According to Raymond Williams, what election does modern advertising obscure? (p. 228) The choice between man as consumer and man as user 25. In the world of advertising the spirits of what beleaguer the commodity and supply its power? (p. 229) The spirits of technology Film No Logo 1. What did the new political movement identified by Klein in the mid 1990s take issue with? The growing power of multinational corps . What innate shift in marketing thought is reflected by lifestyle branding? Management babble ( if companies wanted success, their true product was their idea, not products 3. What does this fundamental shift explain? New forms of marketing, assault on public sphere, less choice -hearing more about the quality of work 4. What was the function of the first brands? Comfort and personal relationships 5. What does Klein mean by brand tribes Sell lifestyles ( ex. nike type of person 6. What idea did Coke sell in the 60s? Peace and love, youth and lifes tyle 7. What did Disney sell? The American Dream 8.What does Nike sell? The nature of sport, athletic ability of star athletes 9. How does the new marketing approach differ from the old one? NEW goes out into the culture and actually sees where people are using products 10. What is distinctive about the town Celebration? Created by Disney ( reps the American Dream Worlds first branded town ( no brands there 11. How does the colonization of public space pose a fundamental threat to democracy? No choice anymore ( ads are EVERYWHERE lost the idea of the public 12. How are shopping malls a striking example of this danger? They are private but designed to mimic a town square 3. What is different about the contemporary power of corporations than previously? -corps are on private property ( no freedom of speech and expression they decide what to put in their stores ( they decide who makes money 14. How does Walmarts family values brand identity clash with free speech? Lyrics, pics on mag azines, etc. ( dont fit their image 15. What do companies now see as their uncomplicated role? Producing brands and image meaning (logos) 16. How does a Nike sneaker get produced and by whom? Broker in hong kong send them to factories and contractors to find the cheapest place 17.What is the Nike paradigm? Finding cheapest places for the production and paying low wages 18. How are wages kept low by companies? Tightly take careling a work force (no unions) 19. What are export processing zones? Industrial parks (produces goods for our exploits) 20. Why is the work force in free trade zones largely young and female? They come from provinces and women are easier to control 21. What contradicts the much heralded claim that globalization will lead to development in poor countries? Labor is cheaper out east and they pay very little 22. How is the Nike example a case study in worker abuse?Countries began competing to see who could abuse their workers more 23. When companies decide to bui ld the brand, what is at the cost of? phoner sells off factories 24. How are American and European workers casualties of globalization and the Nike paradigm? People who had steady jobs lost them 25. What are McJobs? People who sell products for mega jobs, not real ones 26. Who are the two biggest employers in the U. S. Wal-mart and man power 27. How can a shoe tell the story of globalization It was produces all over the world 28. What are brand-based fact-finding activities?Campaigns look behind the brand to see how products are produced 29. What have become the most visible targets of globalization? Brands produced globally (china, korea, etc) 30. What is the line of riot cops guarding a McDonalds or a Starbucks symbolic of? Theyre guarding the entry point to globalization 31. How can you shop ethically in this context? Support businesses that are ethical, buy in bulk as a school m become apart of the global movement 32. If you keep following the logos, where do you end up? room access of the institutions that are writing the rules of global trade 33.What is being articulated by the street protests outside the meetings of the global financial institutions ? Reclaiming the public ( the world isnt for sale 34. What forms can anti-corporate activism take? Culture jamming, ad busting (climbing on a billboard) Questions on film THE DIAMOND EMPIRE 1. What did Edward Epstein discover is the real business of the diamond industry? RESTRICTING what people knew/got 2. Why cant DeBeers operate legally in the unify States? Because it is a monopoly 3. According to Thomas Helsby, what makes the diamond cartel different from other cartels?It is controlled by a single company (which is owned by Anglo-Americans which is owned by DeBeers) Interlocking ownership 4. What makes DeBeers monopoly of diamonds an astonishing feat? Supply of diamonds is big and abundant 5. What threat did Ernest Oppenheimer make to become Chairman of DeBeers? He would flood the world market with diamonds 6. What did a DeBeers mining engineer warn of in 1930? The diamond monopoly is dependent on the fact that the general public believes diamonds are rare 7. What was the simplest answer to the potential threat posed by small diamond mines? To buy them out 8.How does Foudad Kamil describe the operation that he ran for DeBeers when investigating unlicensed diamond dealing and smuggling Terrorist groups, black market. Broke the law, beatings, punishments, kidnapped, took them as prisoners. Buying offices in jungles 9. The rise of what presented a new challenge to the diamond cartel? The rise of African Nationalism (1960) 10. What did DeBeers do when Mobutu Sese Seke emerged as the dictator of Zaire? Send in American businessman, Templesman. Attempt to mend relations with Mobutu regime. 11. What term is used to describe how the Mobutu regime operated in regard to atural resources such as diamonds? Cliptocracy ( organizing principle is one of theft 12. What did Debeers do to keep diamonds from Angola from flooding the market and depressing prices? Spent $1/2 billionregulated diamond mining 13. According to Edward Epstein, what is DeBeers objective when mines are notice in inconvenient places? Prevent mines from being developed that are outside their control and come up with ways to prevent these diamonds from reaching the market. 14. What is Ernest Oppenheimer alleged to have done in regards to the diamond mine in Murfreesboro in Arkansas?Illegally influenced the closing of the mine to keep diamonds off the market 15. What was DeBeers response when American strategists wanted industrial diamonds during the Second World warfare for the production of weapons? DeBeers hesitated ( they denied US free access to industrial diamonds 16. Who was DeBeers alleged to have supplied diamonds to during the Second World War? Hitler , Germany 17. What did an investigation by the Justice Department conclude about the DeBeers actions with regard to the industrial diamonds it did provide to the Unites States during the war? DeBeers overcharged US 18.What did DeBeers wartime advertising appeal to? American patriotism ( Paid for mining which produces diamonds we need to win war 19. According to Edward Epstein, what was the major way that DeBeers wanted diamonds to be introduced when scenes were written into the movies? In a way that was considered approbatory ( man had to surprise woman and present her with a diamond 20. What did the British royal family become in regards to DeBeers? Sales agents 21. What fear did the slogan a diamond is forever arise out of? Fear that sales would be cut if second hand jewelry was put out in the market 22.According to DeBeers message to its dealers, what is its goal? Convince consumer to buy diamonds for every romantic milestone (cultural imperative) 23. How did DeBeers respond to the discovery of diamond mines in Siberia? did business with Russians 24. What does Thomas Helsby think is amusing about the eternity ring? Fi lled with stones from Siberia 25. Who comprises a significant part of the Indian labor pool that cuts small diamonds? 750,000 cutters 100,000 children under 13 26. What have Indian diamonds do possible? Low price jewelry 27. How did DeBeers respond to the discovery of a diamond mine in Australia?Mobilized threatened to reduce prices 28. According to Walter Adams, what does the Sherman Act say? As long as you have enough competitors and act independently public interest will be protected. 29. According to DeBeers executives, what is the easiest airport in the United States to use if you need to leave the country when a subpoena is issued? Chicago OHaras Airport 30. According to Edward Russell what did his boss at GE tell him about competing with DeBeers in the gem market? We won t compete with DeBeers 31. What evidence does Edward Russell give for his belief that GE is involved in a cartel with DeBeers?After he was terminated, identical price increase was implemented 32. While Harry Oppenheimer has criticized the apartheid system in South Africa, why does Duncan Hines think he is not being genuine? He claims he opposes the apartheid system, but yet he makes money from it 33. How did DeBeers create a mining workforce from black people existent on the land? Unskilled workers ( they forced them off the land by enforcing taxes the black people didnt have cash so they had to work in mines to pay the taxes 34. What are working conditions like for the miners in South Africa? Long hours, not much to eat, harsh weather conditions 5. How did the revulsion of the world to the brutality of apartheid hold to the growth of the Oppenheimers power within South Africa? Investors withdrew investments, international companies in South Africa got out of the country 36. What may be the cartels greatest science? Transformed the illusion that diamonds are valuable into a reality 37. Why is the diamond deception not a one-person play? Deceiver and deceived . The person who is dece ived plays a part in the deception as well. Its future rests in all of the people who believe its myths and carry on the value.

Research Process and Terminology Essay

To be a qualified exploreer, they must know different edgeinologies and the process to become one. there are many of bourneinologies that a tec must know to do his/her job. Some of them are the go in research, the Lucifer effect, intercommunicate consent, and shelter laws. Knowing the proper terminologies and how they apply to the poisonous arbitrator celestial orbit loafer tending oneself their research in the criminal jurist field. not knowing the proper footing ass make their research invalid and produce incorrect information. It is best for researchers to take the proper steps when they conduct their study. The steps in research are problem formulation, research design, data collection methods, psychoanalysis and presentations of findings and conclusions. The problem formulation is the particular area that is freeing to be investigated. The research design is a fiber of experiment or studies of the group over a period. The data collections methods are the choic e of methods that are going to used. The analysis is the summarizing and reporting of the findings.The last step is what the researcher believes the study has to say (Hagen, 2010). The steps in research already apply to the criminal justice field. For example, California wants to know what type of offender goes in and issue of prison the most. They would study this over the next five to ten years and come up with robbery offenders tend to come in and pop out of prison. not knowing the proper terminology can buoy non only affect the results time wasted on researching the subject matter and taking the incorrect stylus of doing things. Understanding these terms will assist in analyzing research or data will help out a lot because I would know what distributively step the researchers did and how they came to his or her conclusion. I would not be lost in translation on what this means or in time get complex on why they believe their study has to say. According to the book is a t erm coined by Zimbardo that refers to the transformation of a good person to engage with evil actions (Hagen, 2010). Knowing what Lucifer effect is applies to the criminal justice field more with psychologist than anyone else. When they profile someone, for example, Ted Bundy, they wanted to know this good person all of a choppy turned evil and started killing women.Psychologists believe that Ted Bundys breaking point was when his first love dumped him he dropped out of school moved back home. He later found out that his so called babe was his mother, and his parents were actually hisgrandparents that is where psychologist consider he snapped and started killing. Bundy could not accept the lies and was killing his first love because all the victims agree her in a way. This is more of a Lucifer effect because it was not overnight that Bundy started killing, it was more each lie and the more he got hurt he began to transform into a serial killer (Montaldo, n.d.). Not knowing the proper terminology can affect the way a person conducts criminal justice research because not knowing what this term entirely means can make a wrongfulness diagnosis. If a psychologist believed that that the criminal had the Lucifer effect and tried to lower the sentence with the help of the defense council, it can jeopardize the case.Because the Lucifer effect is not recognized as a proper diagnostic. Understanding this term can be an asset in some ways, but I do not think when conducting a study. Zimbardo had to stop his experiment because it became too dangerous (Zimbardo, 2006). To study Bundys and his actions and publish them they needed his families or his consent to publish their findings. When researching the sponsors require an informed consent from the subjects, so they are aware of the intentions and studies that is being done. An informed consent applies to the criminal justice field because when researching, they need consent from anyone who participates in the study, so the participants know whats going on and so the researchers can publish their findings without a participant suing them. Not knowing what the term means can affect me in research because I just tell the subjects what I am doing without getting their signatures I can be sued of even worse lose my job.Understanding this term can help me conduct a safe research where the subjects know what is going on and why I am doing the study. By having their signatures saying that I can include them in my research is a take in because that is just one more thing that is going to either approve or disapprove my hypothesis. When doing the research, researcher need to know that what they find can be protected under shield laws. The book states that shield laws constitute a governmental immunity from prosecution and the in effect(p) to confidentiality for researchers if they are subpoenaed (Hagen, 2010). Shield laws apply to the criminal justice field because it protects respondents by ensuring t hat the data provided will not be used to invade their privacy. Not knowing the full terminology of shield law can affect my criminal justice research.For example, if I think that everything in myresearch can be used against me I might leave out some information so it will not be used against me. Knowing this term can asset me when I am conducting research because I know that I cannot be prosecuted for my research and even if the courts subpoenaed me I was still protected from giving my field data up, etc. In conclusion, knowing the rectify meaning of these terminologies can help researcher conduct a more proficient study. That can help the criminal justice field in more in more than one way. Knowing the right process of these terms can help the researchers perform the proper steps to do the research. To make certainly that they all have the informed consents from the subjects and to know that they are protected from giving up their data by the shield law.ReferencesHagen, F. (2010 ). Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey learner Hall. Zimbardo, P. (2006, January 1). The Lucifer Effect. Retrieved August 21, 2014. Montaldo, C. (n.d.). Ted Bundy Profile of a Serial Killer. Retrieved August 21, 2014.

Cell Biology Final Review

Chapter 15 target Transduction 1) Endocrine, paracrine , autocrine sign of the zodiac, and cellular phone-cell cont action (Fig. 15-2). Endocrine signaling is long distance signaling. An example would be pancreatic cells secreting insulin. Paracrine signaling is for neighboring proximity. An example would be a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitters. In autocrine signaling the cell that produces the ligand to a fault contains the receptor for that ligand. This is how cancer cells work. In signaling by plasma membrane attached proteins, the target cell does something in response to direct contact from the signaling cell. ) List examples of 1) steroid hormones and 2) amino acid derivatives that act as ligands. What be the catecholamines, and which amino acid ar they derived from? steroid hormone hormones bind cytosolic receptors. They include cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine and retinoic acid. Steroid receptor complexes increase or decrease the transcri ption rates of certain genes. Dopamine, nor adrenaline, epinephrine, serotonin and histamine argon ligands that are derived from amino acids. Catecholamines are ligands derived from the amino acid tyrosine. 3) Whats an agonist?Whats an antagonist? A doctor prescribes isoproterenol to his persevering why? Why non epinephrine? An other(a) patient receives alprenolol why? (See page 629 and Fig. 15-5). Agonist= structural analog, antagonist=inhibitor. Isoproterenol has lower Kd (higher affinity) than epinephrine, and will inc. smooth heart muscle contraction. Alprenol is an antagonist (beta blocker) and slows heart contractions 4) What are the five kinds of second messengers we described in lecture. (Fig. 15-9 shows only four) battalion, cGMP, dekagram, IP3 and Ca2+ 5) What are GTP- fertilisation (switch) proteins?When are they on? When are they dour? (Fig 15-8). GEFs help turn them on. GAPs help turn them off. Are on when bind GTP, and off when bind GDP. Ex Ras, Ran, trimeric G proteins 6) What are kinases versus phosphatases? Kinases phosphorylate, Phosphatases dephosphorylate 7) What are the main features of a G-protein conjugated receptor (GPCR, Figs. 15-10, 15-12, and 15-13)? What is epinephrine and what kinds of receptors does it bind on what cells to induce what responses? GPCRs= s rase-pass receptors with amino terminus outside cell and carboxy terminus inside cell.epinephrine uncoverd when glucose needed quickly (inc. glycogenolysis and lipolysis) binds to GPCR receptor , which activates a G protein (switch protein), which activates an effector protein (adenylyl cyclase) producing cAMP NOTE cAMP does not involve RTK (tyrosine), solely uses Ser/Thr kinases PDE degrades cAMP 8) imbibe the three G proteins ? , ? , and ?. Which one binds GTP/GDP (hint for question 6 above). G? binds GDP, is tethered to inner leaflet of plasma membrane, but dissociates from ? and ? to activate effector protein (adenylyl cyclase). G? and G? never separatedAre tether ed to inner leaflet and work as a unit. 9) Describe FRET (Fig. 15-14). 10) What is adenylyl cyclase? Figs 15-21 and 15-22. What does it do? How is adenylyl cyclase positively and negatively controlled? Positive epinephrine binds ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gs, actvating adenylyl cyclase Negative PGE binds to ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gi which indeed inhibits adenylyl cyclase. 11) The complete Fight or Flight road map. YIKES What happens when cAMP rises? What happens when cAMP drops? 12) T/F Second messengers are long-lived in their signaling effectiveness?How is cAMP dissipated? PDE 13) What is cAMP-dependent protein kinase and how does it work? (Figs. 15-23 and 16-31) Do not involve tyrosine kinases (RTK), but use Ser/Thr kinases (binding of cAMP releases catalytic sites) 14) What do we loaded by amplification in signal transduction? Fig. 15-26. So many go involved in signal transduction b/c youre amplifying signal at every step fast response 15) PIP2, DAG, IP3 , and the release of Calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. (Fig. 15-30). Each PI kinase phosphorylates inositol ring PI PIP PIP2, and cleavage of PIP2 by Phospholipase C yields DAG and IP3.Phospholipase C is trip by a hormone binding to GPCRs and activation of G proteins. IP3 releases Ca2+ back into cytosol to convert a signal (Ca2+ binds to PKC which binds to DAG phosphorylates substrates). Ca2+ pumps normally pump Ca2+ (from cytosol) into ER or out to exterior notwithstanding IP3 causes ion channels to circulate and release Ca2+ into cytosol. erst Ca2+ released, it positively feeds back on channels to allow to a greater extent Ca2+ to flow out. But in one case Ca2+ becomes depleted from ER and at high conc. in cytosol, it inhibits channels. ALSO once Ca2+ rises in cytosol, acts as a 2nd messenger to trigger insulin release 6) Calmodulin. Activated by binding of 4 Ca2+ molecules, it consequently activates PDE (to degrade cAMP), glycogen phosphorylase kinase GPK (to break d own glucose, activates this path without cAMP ), other protein kinases, and nitrous Oxide (NO) synthase (involved in acetylcholine relaxation of smooth muscle in conjunction with cGMP) 17) How are blood vass dilated by acetylcholine (Fig. 15-31)? BTW, what does sildenafil do? Acetylcholine binds acetylcholine GPCR, which activates phospholipase C, which makes IP3, which binds to Ca2+ (leading it to inc. n cytosol), and Ca2+ binds calmodulin, which activates NO synthase that produces NO. The NO is then released by paracrine signaling into muscle cells and binds NO receptor that converts GTP to cGMP, which activates protein kinase G relaxation of muscle cell and through endocrine signaling causes blood vessel dilation. VIAGRA blocks degradation of cGMP by PDE (may cause blindness b/c rod cells kept open by cGMP) 18) Beta arrestin in receptor desensitization. If receptor constantly exposed to epinephrine, may itself become phosphorylated by PKAblocking transducing signal, downregulat ing ALL GPCRs.Once ? -adrenergic receptor is phosphorylated by BARK (? -adrenergic receptor kinase) ? -arrestin binds the receptor to block its activation of Gs, as well as promotes formation of *clathrin-coated vesicles for endocytosis of the bound receptor (to deplete surface receptors) CHAPTER 16 Signal Transduction and element Expression 1) List several ligands that bind to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). * Nerve harvest-home factor (NGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and moreList several kinds of command responses that could occur. What characteristics are different between RTKs and GPCRs (i. e. their protein structure and function)? * RTK= receptor tyrosine kinases havee components extracellular ligand-binding site, a single hydrophobic trans-membrane ? helix, and a cytosolic catalytic domain. Ligand binding causes a conformational change that promotes formation of a functional dimeric recep tor, bringing together deuce poorly active kinases that then phosphorylate each other on a tyrosine residue in the activation lip.Phosphorylation causes the lip to move out of the catalytic site, thus allowing ATP or a protein substrate to bind. The activated kinase then phosphorylates other tyrosine residues in the receptors cytosolic domain. The resulting phophotyrosines function as docking sites for various signal-transduction proteins. * GPCR= G-protein coupled receptors. Binding of ligand triggers the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G? subunit and dissociation of G? GTP from the G complex, and G? subunit transduces the signal, but in yeast pheromone receptors its the G complex. G unctions by triggering a kinase exhibitioner (similar to the one for Ras). Its proteins are involved in mating-specific cellular responses. 2) What are adaptor proteins? Specifically what are SH2, SH3, and PTB domains and how do they work. (Figs. 16-19, 16-20) No intrinsic enzyme activity have docking sites for other effector proteins, such as SH2, SH3, or PTB domain (Phospho-Tyrosine Binding). These docking proteins pass the signal onto Ras. 3) Growth FactorRTKGRB2SOSRasRafMEKMAPdifferential gene expression for cell division or specific cell type differentiation.What happens at each step? (Figs. 16-21, 16-22, 16-25, 16-27). Why so many steps (see question 16 in the previous section)? Sev gene regulates R7 development and in mutants R7 is missing cell differentiates into a cone instead and flies now sensitive to UV light. The Sev gene product is RTK and Boss (in R8 cells) is the ligand for this RTK. Once Boss binds/activates Sev RTK it causes GRB2 (with SH subunits) to bind receptor, leading to relocation of SOS (the GEF for Ras) from the cytosol to the membrane where Ras-GDP resides and it activates it ) Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 tri-phosphate and Protein Kinase B (Fig. 16-29 and 16-30). PI-3,4,5-triphosphate ( made by phosphorylation of PIP2 at 3 OH by PI-3 Kinase) is docking site for Protein Kinase B. PKB bound to PI 3,4,5-triphosphate and PDK1 (also bound to PI 3,4,5triphosphate) dif priming coat into membrane and PDK1 phosphorylates/activates PKB Ras-independent insulin signaling 5) Insulin versus glucagon. (Slide from lecture shows a Table comparing and contrasting the two ligands and their effects on serum glucose. ) Insulin synthesized in ? ells and when theres high blood glucose activate GLUT4 (glucose transporter) and inc activity of glycogen synthase removal of glucose from blood and its storehouse as glycogen. Glucagon reacts to a decrease in blood glucose, stimulating release of glucagon, activating adenylyl cyclase, activating glycogen phosphorylase and inhibiting glycogen synthase degradation of glycogen and release of glucose into blood. Chapter 20 The Cell Cycle 1) Who were the three Nobel Prize winners in Physiology and Medicine for 2001? * Leland Hartwell * Tim Hunt * Paul Nurse ) Review the gross morphological events of prophase, metap hase, anaphase, and telophase. * Prophase * Chromosomes condense to the 30nm solenoid fiber * Chromatids stay on attached at the centromeres and the spindle forms * The atomic confinee disassembles in most eukaryotic cells (called open mitosis). yeasts and other fungi have a closed mitosis * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Metaphase Condensed chromosomes align in a straightforward line that is referred to as the metaphase plate * Anaphase * Sister chromatids separate from each other The spindle is censorious for chromatid execution to opposite poles * Molecular motors generate force and movement * Telophase * Beginning of the next interphase * Chromosomes begin to decondense * The nuclear envelop and the nucleolus begin to reassemble * Cytokinesis * Cytoplasm destines * Golgi and ER reform from vesicle fusion 3) Figure 20-2 is a good summary. 4) Three major classes of Cdk/cyclin complexes Where they work in the cell troll, and what do they do. What are the three critical steps in the cell cycle? * G1 cyclin-CDKs Expressed when growth factors (EGF, PDGF, NGF, etc) signal the cells to divide * Phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein in mammal cells * S-phase cyclin-CDKs * mental strain during G1, but are held silent by an inhibitor * The inhibitor is finished by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Then, the cell progresses into S-phase * Mitotic cyclin-CDKs * Also called MPF (maturation/mitosis promoting factor) * Form in S-phase and G2, but are held silent until late G2 * Once activated, mitotic Cdk-complexes initiate mitosis * Chromosome condensation Nuclear gasbag disassembles and the spindle forms * Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Partially activates anaphase promoting complex (armoured personnel carrier) 5) Classic experiments * What happens when you safety fuse a G1 cell to a M-phase cell? Fig. 20-3 * Interphase cells advance prematuring into M-phase * Now we know that the diffusible regulators are the mitotic Cdk-complexes (MPF) * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a S-phase cell? * G1 nuclei begin to replicate their desoxyribonucleic acid prematurely Used 3H-thymidine incorporation and autoradiography to reckon DNA synthesis * Now know that diffusible S-phase Cdk-complexes activated the pre- breeding complexes on DNA origins of replication in the G1 nuclei * What happens when you fuse a G2 cell to a S-phase cell? * Re-replication of G2 DNA does not occur * Once DNA is replicated, it cannot be re-replicated in that same cycle * Whats the diffusible regulator in the first experiment? MPF 6) What two species of yeast were apply to decipher the genetics of the cell ycle? Whats a closed mitosis versus and open mitosis? * Budding and fission yeast * In open mitosis, the nuclear envelope disassembles during mitosis. In closed mitosis, the nuclear envelop does not disassemble. 7) What is cloning by complementary distribution? (Fig. 20-4). This is the same as functional comple mentation. * Many cdc mutations identified are temperature sensitive * Grow and divide at permissive temperatures * Fail to divide at non-permissive temperatures * We can select cDNAs by functional complementation ) What is MPF (what two proteins make up MPF) and where did its name come from (i. e. what organism and cell type)? (Figs. 20-5 and 20-6) * MPF is the maturation promoting factor. It is comprised of Cdk1-Cyclin B * The name came from studying frog oocyte maturation in vitro 9) The pathway to MPF demolition What is Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)? What activates APC? What does APC then do and how does it do it? Fig. 20-10 * MPF is a kinase that phosphorylates many different substrates to initiate mitotic events * To exit mitosis, MPF must be destroyed Destruction of MPF depends on the destruction of Cyclin B * Destruction of Cyclin B is via the ubiquitin pathway * Ubiquitin is covalently linked to lysines behind the destruction box * Cyclin B without the destruction box will not be destroyed * APC destroys MPF, but APC was actually activated earlier at anaphase by MPF 10) You have to know Fig. 20-13 and 20-14 11) Molecular events at the onset of mitosis a) Nuclear envelope dismantling what are the lamin proteins, how do they disassemble, and where do they go when they disassemble? (Figs. 0-16, 20-17) * The nuclear lamina supports the nuclear envelope. It is found on the underside of the inner envelope membrane. * The nuclear lamina is made of three lamin proteins A, B and C * All three lamin protein form coiled-coil dimers * Two dimers form a tetramer with head-to-head or tail-to-tail orientations * MPF phosphorylation of Ser residues causes dis collection * A and C diffuse into the cytoplasm. B remains bound to the membranes that form vesicles during mitosis b) Condensation of chromatin what are the SMC protein (condensins)? * SMC proteins in yeast Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) * Large proteins that form coiled-coils * ATPase activi ty in their C-terminus * Function in the normal segregation of chromatids * SMC proteins in frogs * Part of a complex called condensin that becomes phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis * Condensins bind DNA and wind it into supercoils with ATP hydrolysis * Several condensins bind along the lenth of the chromosomes to form coiled-coils to compact the DNA c) Spindle assembly due to MPF phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins d) ER and Golgi vesiculation due to direct MPF phosphorylationWhat are the cohesins what do they do and what regulates their activity? How does APC play a role in this regulation? (Fig. 20-21, 20-22) * Cohesins hold sister chromatids together * Separation of chromatids is not dependent on MPF destruction * Cohesin function is regulated by an anaphase inhibitor called securing. This inhibitor is a target for APC ubiquitination 12) Yeast cell cycle (Figs. 20-29 and 20-28) * Sic1 is the S-phase inhibitor destroyed by ubiquitination * E3 for the ubiquit ination is cdc34 * The ubiquitination complex is called SCF Once Sic1 is destroyed, Cdc28/Clb5 + 6 phosphorylate substrates to initiate DNA replication * G1 cyclin-Cdc28 phosphorylated Sic1, enabling its recognition and ubiquitination by Cdc34 and SCF * Cln1 and Cln2 arise early on in the cell * Cdc28 is only in yeast * Clb5 and Clb6 arise late in G1. They are called S-phae cyclins. They are rapidly turned on by the destruction of Sic1 13) Why chromosomes replicate only once per cell cycle (Fig. 20-30) * Protein degradation makes cell cycle progression move forward, not reverse * Sic1 is destroyed at G1 to S-phase transition Anaphase inhibitory (securing) is destroyed at the metaphase to anaphase transition * Cyclin B is destroyed at the mitosis to G1 transition 14) Early and late mammalian response genes. 15) mammalian cell cycle (Fig. 20-32) * Growth factor hormones are called mitogens * The absence of mitogens cases cells to arrest in G1 or G0 * If mitogens are added, cells advan ce past the restriction point and are committed to S-phase and mitosis * Mammalian cells have several Cdks * Cdk 1, 2, 4, and 6 are used for the cell cycle * Cdk 1 complements Cdc2 * Mammalian cells also have multiple cyclins D, E, A and B 6) D and E cyclins and their function, the Rb and E2F proteins (Figs. 20-33) * D type cyclins come from proto-oncogenes * Cyclin E is the principle musician getting the cell past the restriction point * Cyclin D-Cdk4 or 6 is activated first and then Cyclin E-Cdk2 * Once CyclinD-Cdk4/6 is activated in phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (Rb) which releases E2F * E2F now acts as a transcription activator. Cyclin E-Cdk2 then phosphorylated even more Rb/E2F via positive feedback loop 17) Overview of mammalian check points, p53 (Figs. 20-34 and 20-35)

Geo Assignment

Devin Purcell February 25th 2013 GEO1050 Ryan Gibson Assignment 2 Growing Resource Consumption and scarceness a) The baseline year of the data apply in these models is 1985. b) The period of projection for these models range from 1985 to 2025 a 40 year span. c) The three components of core urine demand atomic number 18 Population maturement, Economic Development and communicate changes in pee use efficiency. ) DIA/Q refers to the ratio of Domestic, Industrial, and irrigated Agriculture used of water, to the total river discharge (Q), it is presumed to show the total sustainable water supply that is available to local human populations. e) If DIA/Q is less than 0. 1, there is very particular water stress. f) If DIA/Q is greater than 0. 4, there is severe water stress. g) SC1 diverse climate, but specific magnitude and spacial distribution of human population and water removal levels from 1985 SC2 applied projected water demands for 2025 but used runoff and discharge based on contemporary climate.SC3 varied climate and water demand. Assumptions Impacts of human growth under SC2 and SC3 pull up stakes therefore gener all(prenominal)y show population growth and migration as compared to increasing water usage. Effect of SC1 produces little change from 1985. Collective impact of raising water demands for SC2 and SC3 is obvious. h) Smith is most panicky by SC3 because it suggests that the weather and climate change in the world, human population growth, or both it will increase low levels of water.Low levels of water are almost guaranteed to become a bigger problem all to affecting a greater area in the globe. a) Smith suggests that the water scarcity levels in Canada are very low since everyone has free access to water. b) Many areas which were named by the boil advisory are in coastal regions and less populated communities as well. It is less effective by the Government to put currency into these rural regions rather than larger more urbanized cities , where the water would be tight and help reliever more people.The rural areas in cities do not get the same water treatment as urbanized areas and must boil their water c) Newfoundland should be fine with regards to water scarcity due to the incident that everyone in the province and surrounding areas has free access to water. Since, everyone around the province is able to access water almost anywhere freely and hassle free there is a very little materialize of our province running low on water and it becoming a major problem passim the province.

A Comparative Study between Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel

Johann Sebastian bach and George Frideric Handel were twain(prenominal) Baroque composers who utilize the Italian and cut styles that were the basic language of the Baroque. The study of bach and Handel is inte balance wheeling because of their attach similarities and subtle differences. live and Handel were of Saxon ancestry. They came from neighboring t consumes, Bach from Eisenach, Handel from H whollye, and were born but one month isolated in the resembling year, Handel in February, Bach in March, 1685 (Young, 1962). They were both masters of concerto in all its formssonata retinuefugueoperacantataboth sacred and secularoratoriomasspassion.Both Bach and Handel learnt their finesse by making copies of all the works of acknowledged masters. Bach and Handel were studious copyists throughout their lives. Besides Johann Christoph, Bach took as models the Italians, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Lotti, Caldara, Legrenzi, Marcello and umpteen former(a)s. His special interests led to keyboard euphony, to violin harmony and to choral music. Handel, under Zachau, do an anthology of excerpts from Froberger, Kerll,Strungck, Johann Krieger. During his later cargoner he was influenced by Alessandro Stradella, Giacomo Carissimi, Georg Muffatt, Karl Heinrich Graun, Giovanni Clari and otherwises.Though they sound like brilliant stars rising at the same time, they charted their dissimilar paths in music according to their one-on-one natures. There was no musical tradition in Handels family, his preceptor was a prosperous surgeon who intended George Frideric for the Law on the other hand members of the Bach dynasty had been for generations egregious in musical affairs in Thuringiaevering. Bach remained within the boundaries of his Saxon fatherland throughout his lifespan and was a good citizen and was the father of twenty children.Handel, on the other hand was the man of the world, honored all over Europe. He was bold and outgoing in nature. The one tragic similarity in their lives is that they both went blind at the end of their lives (Young, 1962). While Bachs grave was forgotten, Handel, who died nine years later, in 1759, was laid to rest in the English pantheon, Westminster Abbey. In those days, music was solely written for the sole purpose of immediate performance, its deli rattling beyond that moment being a secondary consideration. Occasional or commissioned work used to be the rule.Bach wrote his cantatas for the services of St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, and Handel wrote his operas for special performances and purely to suit the voices of the personnel that happened to be available. Bachs work was mostly un accepted and neglected for many generations till the 19th century. He was accepted as a heavy(p) musician by the world only 75 years later on his death. The later 18th century knew Bach mainly as an subservient composer who wrote especially for the organ and the balmy (Bekker, 1927). People tended to interpret Bachs from diverse viewpoints.Bach used to be considered a contrapuntist pure and simple, a learned musician who treated music as a sort of mathematics (Bekker, 1927). From this viewpoint, Bach seemed to be of importly a servant of the church building, a sort of Protestant Palestrina who also wrote secular music. Later it became presumable that he could not after all be counted simply as a composer of Church music, so he was looked upon as a romantic poet. The romanticists, decl ard that Bach was the archromanticist, and should be interpreted with the utmost nip and expression.Some felt that Bachs music was inherently emotional (Bekker, 1927). Whatever the angle of perception, Bach came to be regarded as the abundant builder of musical form. Contrastingly, Handel, the cosmopolitan composer and impresario, was internationally famous in his own lifetime. He was primarily a writer of oratorios (Young, 1962). His musical instrumental compositions were not considered serious enough for s tudy. The Italian operas which he composed in were considered empty in the eyes of the critics of that catch (Bekker, 1927).Today however, things have changed and Handels operas are in the repertoire of nearly every big(p) opera-house (Bekker, 1927). Bach used a personal synthesis of the Flemish and Italian styles with German counterpoint, Handel showed a pixilated early inclination toward the extroverted and dramatic world of Italian opera (Krantz, 2007). In short, it can be said that Bach looked inward and Handel external. Bach composed cantatas and organ music and, by his genius and endowment for seeing holistic symbolism in words and music, he extended the character of his models (Young, 1962).Handel, more than fluent, more rhetorical, and a free agent with his way to make in the world seized the formalized patterns of entertainment music in secular cantata, in oratorio, in opera, and in instrumental music (Young, 1962). Both Bach and Handel had contrastive personalities . Bach was an introvert whereas Handel was an extrovert. Handel assimilated the various national styles and specialized in each of them separately. Bach assimilated the various influences with his own personal style and arrived at a fusion of national styles in which the single elements are inborn (Dorak, 2002).The main works of Handel are his operas, written from an universal perspective for an international public. The main works of Bach are his cantatas, written for the local churches, and his passions, the monuments of his liturgical severity. Handel, being a widely traveled musician has visited many international centers of music. Bach, on the other hand confined himself within the limits of central Germany. Bachs owing(p) works include the Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor, most of the great preludes and fugues, and the 45 chorale-preludes gathered in Das Orgelbuchlein the little organ book.His instrumental compositions are the Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue the English Suites t he French Suites the Two-Part and Three-Part Inventions and Book I of the celebrated Well-Tempered Clavier. He also wrote several unaccompanied violin sonatas and cello suites, and the Brandenburg Concertos, recognized as the best concerti grossi ever composed. The St. John Passion was performed (1723) at Leipzig and his Magnificat was presented shortly after he fictitious that post.Many more of his superb ghostlike compositions followed the St. Matthew Passion (1729), the Christmas Oratorio, the sonorous Mass in B Minor, and the six motets. The principal keyboard works of this period were Book II of The Well-Tempered Clavier and the four books of clavier pieces in the Clavierubung and the Goldberg Variations. His last leading light compositions were the Musical Offering composed (1747) for Frederick the Great and The Art of the Fugue (1749). In all his positions as sing director, Bach composed sacred cantatasa total of some 300, of which nearly 200 are extant.There are also over 30 secular cantatas, composed at Leipzig, among them Phoebus and Pan (1731). The bulk of his work is apparitional. In his instrumental and choral works he perfected the art of polyphony, displaying an unmatched combination of inventiveness and support in his great, striding fugues (The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, 2004a). Handels 46 operas include much of his finest music among them are Julius Caesar (1724), Atalanta (1736), Berenice (1737), and Serse (1738), which contains the tenor aria now know as Largo. Handels opera, Messiah was presented in Dublin in 1742.An essentially contemplative work, it stands apart from the rest of his 32 oratorios, which are dramatically conceived, and its immense popularity has resulted in the erroneous conception of Handel as primarily a church composer. Other outstanding oratorios are Acis and Galatea (1720), Esther (1732), Israel in Egypt (173637), Saul (1739), and Judas Maccabeus (1747). He also composed about snow Italian solo cant atas numerous orchestral works, and the anthem Zadok, the Priest (1727) for the coronation of George II, which has been used for all consequent coronations (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004b).There is one particular text that was set to music by both Bach and Handel. This is Eilt ihr angefochtnen Seelen in the Passion Oratorio (by Handel) and in the St. John Passion (by Bach). They used the same key and the same pictorial representation of haste, and the choral interjections at dramatic points are also common. Bukofzer, however, has opined that Handels music is inferior because it lacks the highly individual stamp that distinguished Bach from all other composers (Dorak, 2002). When one considers their particular musical styles, Johann Sebastian Bachs music is not pompous, not theatrical it is not court music, not gala music.His music was essentially introspective music he did not think of the audience for whom he composed his music is the product of his inner reflections. It is an outward expression of his tender feelings. Even in the most grandiose and eloquent moments of his Passions he still dust intimate. Bachs music thus addressed itself mainly to the connoisseur. Handel wrote for the world, for the court, for the stage. His music is naturally brilliant he has the gift for clear sonorities and powerful rhythms, which make a physical impression on the crowd, exalt and send it away.His breadth and simplicity of design make his work illuminating, he is popular. But Bachs art is one that aims to enjoin many things in an instant in a single word (Landormy & Martens, 1927). This richness sometimes made it difficult for people to understand and appreciate. Handel focuses most on the harmonic clarity of his ensemble he makes survival of the fittest of what he wishes to say, he is sober, concise He prefers to use the simple air of accompanied monody kinda than polyphonic complexities (Landormy and Martens, 1927).Dynamic patterns in music were principally of twain types the melodic, which made use mainly of the voice and is cognise as thorough-bass, and the contrapuntal, which made use mainly of instruments and is mistakenly called polyphony (Bekker, 1927). On the superficial level, one may find that Bach is a composer of instrumental music in contrapuntal style and Handel on the other, a composer of point-blank music in thoroughbass style. Some might classify the work of Bach, the pious man as subjective and Handel, the worldly man as an accusing type. But these distinctions are not firmly based.Both were religious men who were also practical in their approach. They were both introspective as well as objective and both wrote vocal as well as instrumental music, and both made use of thorough-bass as well as of contrapuntal forms. They figured bass and counterpoint, and although they performed individually, they were also teachers in singing. They even chose to specialize in the same musical instrument the organ. Bach lead his con gregation in the singing of cantatas on Sundays or the Passions on high holidays at St. Thomass church at Leipzig much in the same way as Handel conducted his operas and his oratorios (Bekker, 1927).Bachs music can be termed as intensive melodies whereas Handels music can be termed extensive melodies. Bach uses very dense contrapuntal texture with complex and chromatic harmonies. On the other hand Handel uses a simple template for his expressions and hence his work is meant for instant sensuous appreciation. The extensive prime(a) of Handels melodies allows his music to be amplified whereas this is not possible in the case of Bachs music. Amplification would destroy the transparency of the contrapuntal process. The vocal component of Bachs music is very difficult to perform.There are disjunct movements and awkward intervals. There is no overlapping between the instrumental and vocal lines. In fact, the free-voiced choral polyphony of Handel and the strictly linear, instrumentally conceived polyphony of Bach form the two poles of late Baroque music (Bekker, 1927). Handel considers the flow of ideas more of import than elaboration whereas to Bach, elaboration is more important. The fast changing textures in his choral writing clearly reason that for Handel, counterpoint is only a means to a dramatic end (Krantz, 2007). On the contrary, Bach takes it as an end in itself which must be consistent.By nature of its conception, Handels counterpoint reaches its apex through the vocal medium. Handels work depends so much on the vocal component so much so even his keyboard fugues seem to call for text and become most excellent in vocal form. This accounts for the winner of Handel in vocal music (Krantz, 2007). Bach is more adept at the instrumental form. Bach prefers to adopt his choral polyphony to an instrumental standard. To quote Tevfik Dorak In the flexibility of his choral vocabulary, Handel surpasses Bach in the same measure as Bach surpasses Handel in contr apuntal consistency (Dorak, 2002).One of the major differences between them lay in their individual conception of tone. A person who conceives tone vocally will also feel instrumental music as vocal, and the person who conceives tone instrumentally will also feel vocal music as instrumental. Some comparative features among the two great masters are as follows (Dorak, 2002)Bach conceived tone instrumentally and Handel vocally.Bach think a lot on spiritual music and created profoundly religious cantatas, passions and masses. Handel treated even religious theme based oratorios such as the Messiah with a theatrical effect. This was more popular to the centre class audience.The vocal component of his music was used essentially as a melodic instrument with the most intricate demands of counterpoint expected of it. Handels writing for the voice is completely idiomatic and the freer contrapuntal textures are more vocally conceived and are contrasted with powerful choral writing.Handel dem onstrates the Italian conservatism in his music and uses very simplified form. Bach is conservative in his adherence to the complex polyphonic texture, but progressive in his choice of in advance(p) forms, such as the concerto form of Vivaldi. Similarly, the organ style of Handel is clearly influenced by the idiom of the harpsichord as the opposite is true for Bach.Bach is related to the immediate future in his attitude because of modern day focus on instrumental music, while Handel is related to the past. On the other hand the melodic, homophonic figured bass chosen by Handel is more relevant to modern music than Bachs contrapuntal style. frankincense both these composers are in some ways relevant to the past and in some other ways relevant to the future. The two great masters of the Baroque period were not beyond criticism.Bach was criticized because he was too intellectual and, paradoxically, because an excess of reason conflicted with the aesthetic precepts of the Age of Reason . Handel was criticized for exceeding the conventional in the extras which he introduced into his orchestration to underline his dramatic appreciation of scene and situation. Whatever be the criticisms, it remains undeniable that these two masters of Baroque were outstanding in their natural talent. Though they belonged to the same place and same period and produced musical works of similar genre, they differed in their styles of expression.This difference actually was a major asset to these great masters who remained true to their inner beliefs. The honesty of expression combined with their outstanding talents has helped define baroque music.BibliographyDorak, Tevfik (2002). Handel and JS Bach. http//www. dorak. entropy/music/jsbgfh. htmlBukofzer MF. Music in the Baroque Era. WW Norton & Company Inc. NY, 1974, pp. 345-9.Krantz, Allen (2007). George Frideric Handel. http//www. classicalarchives. com/bios/handel_bio. html Landormy, Paul and Martens, H. Frederick (1927).A History of Music. Charles Scribners Sons. New York. 1927. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004a).Bach, Johann Sebastian. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2004 The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004b).Handel, George Frideric. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2004. Young, M. Percy. (1962).The chorale Tradition An historical and analytical survey from the sixteenth century to the present day. W. W. Norton Publishing. New York 1962. Bekker, Paul (1927).The storey of Music An Historical Sketch of the Changes in Musical Form. Translated by Alice Kortschak and Herter Norton. W. W. Norton and Company Inc. New York. 1927.