Expansionary Policy

Expansionary policy is a macroeconomic policy that seeks to expand the money supply to encourage economic growth or combat inflation. One form of expansionary policy is fiscal policy, which comes in the form of tax cuts, rebates and increased government spending. Expansionary policies can also come from central banks, which focus on increasing the money supply in the economy. The U. S. Federal Reserve employs expansionary policies whenever it lowers the standard fed funds rate or discount rate or when it buys Treasury bonds on the open market, thereby injecting capital directly into the economy.I will focus this paper?on these policies and theories, and how the federal government would engage them?in an effort to move the economy out of a recession. The Great Depression challenged the classical model with the reality of a long depression and high unemployment. In The General Theory, Keynes attacked the classical model in two important ways. First, he identified some flaws in the mode l. Second, unlike the business cycle theorists, he offered a well-developed alternative model of the macroeconomy.This model was the basis for the Keynesian revolution, the change in macroeconomic theory and policy that occurred when Keynes's ideas displaced the classical explanation of how output and employment are determined. The Keynesian model begins with aggregate demand and works from there to employment, instead of the other way around (Amacher & Pate, 2012). In the 1930s Unemployment was high because planned spending was too low to generate the level of output that would result in full employment. Thus, too little spending was identified as the cause of unemployment.To reduce unemployment, planned spending had to increase. In the language of aggregate supply and aggregate demand (a model developed after Keynes), aggregate demand had to shift to the right. In attempting to identify the cause of employment, Keynes reasoned as follows: EXPANSIONARY POLICY 3 The level of employm ent is directly related to the level of production, or output. In a market economy, planned spending on the output of the business sector will determine the level of production. Firms adjust their levels of production to meet demand for their products. Put simply: Supply adjusts to demand.(In contrast, Say's law said that supply creates its own demand). Because employment depends on production and production responds to spending, the level of employment in a market economy depends on the level of planned spending in the economy (Perry, 2009). Before Keynes balanced budgets were generally accepted by politicians and the public as the responsible thing. Keynesian view challenged the desirability of balanced budgets. Argued that federal budget should be used to promote AD/full employment. Federal Budget influences AD two ways: ?Government spending on goods and services stimulates AD.National defense, highways, education, etc. Tax policy influences AD. Tax cut increases disposable incom e, increases PCE – C goes up. Business tax cut increases business investment on equipment, etc. Keynes argues that fluctuations in AD are the source of economy disturbances and create the bus cycle – â€Å"Animal Spirits. † Policy conclusion; stabilize the economy through fiscal policy (Perry, 2009). If economy is in recession, government should engage in expansionary fiscal policy†¦increase government spending and/or reduce taxes, increase budget deficit.Borrow money (to finance the deficit) from individuals, businesses or foreigners. Economy is in recession at due to animal spirits. Downward pressure on prices. Expansionary fiscal policy (active budget deficit) cut personal income taxes, cut corporate taxes; increase government spending government can pursue restrictive fiscal policy to reduce AD1 to AD2 (Investopedia, 2013). EXPANSIONARY POLICY 4 Keynesian view; government should engage in activist, discretionary, countercyclical policy to stabilize econ omy. Run deficit during recession to stimulate (increase) AD.Run surplus during expansion to restrain (decrease) AD. Since budget deficits are now permanent, restrictive policy now means a smaller deficit, not a surplus. If deficit goes from $200B to $100B, that is restrictive, even though there is still a deficit (Investopedia, 2013). When Keynes attacked the ideas of the classical school in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), he was attacking the mainstream of 19th-century economic thought. In doing so, he ignored some important work by other economists, such as Henry Simons and Irving Fisher, who were working in the classical tradition.The ideas that Keynes criticized were those that drove the macroeconomic policies of his time. His contributions changed the policy approach to recessions and depressions for decades to follow (Amacher & Pate, 2012). Fiscal policy relies on changes in government spending and taxes (and transfer payments, which can be treat ed as negative taxes). In general, conservative Keynesians prefer tax changes, leaving the level of government spending constant. Liberal Keynesians are more likely to favor changes in government spending or transfer payments.Fiscal policy cannot be considered outside the context of the level and composition of existing government spending†¦ In the United States, a large share of the nation's income is claimed by government, and a substantial share of output is produced by or for government (Amacher & Pate, 2012). There are two kinds of fiscal policy. One kind is put into place and left to respond automatically to changes in the level of economic activity. The second kind, used less frequently, is deliberate action to change tax laws or enact new spending programs so as EXPANSIONARY POLICY 5 to influence the level of output, employment, and prices.Congressional legislation over the years, much of it enacted during the Great Depression, has created a system of tax collections an d transfer payments that change automatically in response to changes in national income. These automatic stabilizers partially offset changes in private spending and tend to reduce fluctuations in output and employment. They primarily include changes in income tax collections, Social Security and welfare benefits, and unemployment compensation claims. Because these automatic stabilizers are triggered by changes in the economy, they do not require further action by Congress (Amacher & Pate, 2012).Transactions involving bonds, reserves, loans to banks, and Federal Reserve notes are the tools of monetary policy. The Fed uses the money supply and interest rates to affect output, employment, and the price level. The Fed has three ways to influence the money supply: open market operations, changes in the discount rate, and changes in the reserve ratio. Open market operations involve buying and selling bonds to affect banks' reserves. The discount rate affects the level of bank borrowing f rom the Fed. Changes in the reserve ratio affect excess reserves (Investopedia, 2013).The Fed's preferred tool is open market operations. Open market operations are purchases and sales of bonds by the Fed on the open market in order to affect bank reserves. Open market operations are a very flexible tool. The impact on reserves can be precisely determined to be as large or as small as desired. Open market operations can be reversed if necessary and can be done without any ordeal. They are done by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Bonds are bought and sold through brokers in New York City. The New York district bank has this responsibility because New York is the financial center of the country.The New York Fed, however, does not buy and sell on EXPANSIONARY POLICY 6 the basis of its own decisions. It carries out the directives of the FOMC. (Amacher & Pate, 2012). These changes are shown on the T-accounts of Banks. If the Fed buys a bond from an individual or a firm, the seller w ill deposit the check from the Fed in a bank. The bank will clear the check through the Fed, and its reserves with the Fed will increase by the amount of the sale. No matter where the Fed buys bonds, bank reserves increase by the amount of the Fed purchase. Banks may also borrow directly from the Fed.Borrowing from the Fed by banks is called â€Å"using the discount window. † The interest rate the Fed charges a bank is called the discount rate. The higher the rate, the less eager banks are to borrow. The discount rate is normally lower than other interest rates at which banks could borrow. When an increase in the reserve ratio leaves banks with too little reserves. Banks have to contract their deposits by selling interest-earning assets or eliminating loans. Such a forced contraction creates a difficult situation for both banks and their loan customers. It takes time to adjust.For this reason, the Fed may cushion the impact of a decline in bank reserves by keeping the discoun t window open (Amacher & Pate, 2012). Each Federal Reserve Bank sets a discount rate for the depository institutions of its district, but the rates are usually the same in all 12 districts. Normally the discount rate is slightly below the market interest rate. The discount rate functions as a signal more than as a direct tool of monetary control. A decrease signifies the Fed's desire to stimulate the economy. Changes in the discount rate also alter the profitability of borrowing from the Fed in order to relend.A lower rate makes borrowing from the Fed more attractive and encourages banks to hold fewer excess reserves. They know they can easily borrow from the Fed if necessary (Amacher & Pate, 2012). EXPANSIONARY POLICY 7 The Fed sets and changes the reserve ratio. There are two kinds of assets that a bank can count toward meeting the required reserve. One is currency and coins, or vault cash. The second, and larger, consists of funds the bank has on deposit with its district Reserve Bank. The Fed requires depository institutions to hold reserves equal to certain fractions of the different kinds of deposits they have.The reserve ratio is higher for banks with deposits over $40 million. One reason why banks collapsed during panics before the Fed was created was that their reserves were too small or not readily available. In practice, reserves now have little to do with the safety of checking and savings account deposits. Their safety is ensured by deposit insurance. However, reserves do ensure that banks will have some ready funds to meet withdrawals. A change in the reserve ratio changes the maximum size of the money supply, not by changing bank reserves, but by changing the deposit multiplier.The deposit multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio. When the reserve ratio changes from 20% to 10%, the deposit multiplier increases from 5 to 10. A reduction in the reserve ratio has a double impact on the money supply. First, it converts some required reserve s into excess reserves. Second, it increases the size of the deposit multiplier. Decreasing the ratios leaves depositories initially with excess reserves, which can induce an expansion of bank credit and deposit levels and a decline in interest rates (Perry, 2009).A change in the reserve ratio is more complex than open market operations because of this double impact. Because it is such a powerful tool, changes in the reserve ratio are made rarely and in small amounts. Even a change of a fraction of a percent can have a very large (and somewhat uncertain) impact on the economy and can be very unsettling to banks. Both economists and politicians have disagreed over the effectiveness of the EXPANSIONARY POLICY 8 Fed in using its monetary policy tools. The debates of the 19th century over how freely banks should lend are still alive.There is still support for a policy of easy money, unlimited credit, and inflation among those who are in debt and want to be able to borrow more and pay it back with cheaper dollars. There are also groups who support a hard-money policy, ranging from those who simply want monetary growth carefully controlled to those who would like to return to full-bodied money, usually a gold standard (Perry, 2009). Keynesians would advocate an increase in the money supply (expansionary monetary policy), which would decrease interest rates, increase spending, increase AD, increase prices and output, and decrease unemployment.Keynesians believe in more flexibility or â€Å"discretion†, with the Fed adjusting money supply to respond to economic conditions. Expansionary Policy is a useful tool for managing low-growth periods in the business cycle, but it also comes with risks. First and foremost, economists must know when to expand the money supply to avoid causing side effects like high inflation. There is also a time lag between when a policy move is made (whether expansionary or contractionary) and when it works its way through the economy.

Having a New Member in a Family

When a child is used to being the baby of the family its hard to let go of that position. So for me finding out that a new baby was on its way it was very exciting, but than when the baby arrived it wasn’t very exciting after all. Everything change. As a result, I decided to built a fence that kept me separated from my family. I enjoyed being the baby of the house. I would always gets everything I wanted or asked for. I would think that basically the whole world revolved around me and only me. Everyone one always called me daddy’s little princess and that made me even more spoiled. I would love to be around my family play games with them do mostly everything. But, everything started to change once my mom made an announcement that she was pregnant. That moment was very important and surprising to everyone. I was happy that I was going to have a little sister or brother. After a while, everyone started paying attention to my mom and her tummy and that I wouldn’t get any. One day my uncle said to me that after the baby arrived he or she was going to be the new baby of the family, that it was going to take my spot. After I heard that I got sad, since I was used of having everyone spoiled me. From that moment on I was starting to drift away from my family. Months later my mom was ready to give birth one morning and I couldn’t go since I had school. Later that morning my dad told me and my brother we had a new baby sister. All throughout school I was thinking how my life was going to change. Lots of ideas popped into my head. I even thought of my parents forgetting about me. After school my dad came to pick me up so I could go to the hospital and visit. Once I entered the room I saw my mom holding a small human being. I was happy to see my new baby sister. I walked towards the bed and carried the baby. She was so small and her face was red with little white dots on her cheekbones, and she had a look of confusion. As I held my new baby sister I realized that she was going to need all the attention in the world even mine. I than also realized that I wasn’t a baby anymore that I didn’t need all the attention I always had that now it was going to be the baby’s turn to be daddy’s little princess. After that day I stopped acting like the world revolved about me because it never did. I gave my full attention to my baby sister. Everyone told me they thought I was going to get jealous and my respond was that I was at first but I than realized that she need it more than me. One day my dad told me that I was always going to be his little girl. I was glad he told me that. The fence I had built was just to damage the beautiful relationship I had with my family. It started to fall little by little as I started to become conscious that attention was nothing compared to having a family that cared about you. My family helped me tare down the fence because they showed me that just cause your growing doesn’t mean people are going to stop caring about you or not give you attention that there will always be a time where you have the spotlight.

Accounting Financial Report Analysis

In this given report, the financial data obtained from the annual report of Procter & Gamble and Unilever is to be discussed. Financial data of three years is to be used for obtaining key ratio, which shows the performance of a company. Based on the ratios determined comparison will be done for the three years. Also, inter firm comparison will be made based on the ratios determined and after that recommendation will be given so that the company can improve their financial position in future (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). The variances in different ratios that determine the profitability, liquidity and activity position of P&G and Unilever during the period of three years is analyzed and assessed, based on which the predicted outcome is determined. The investors and other users of financial statement can use the above ratios to understanding of the overall position of the company. This will help them to decide in which they want to invest (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). The creditors who have given supplies to the companies can have an overview of the fact that their debts are secured or not and whether the company has the ability to pay off their debts quickly. They can have an idea of the liquidity position of the company by analyzing the current ratio of both the company. EPS and return on equity will help the investors to understand the earning capacity of P&G and Unilever on their investment, which will help them to decide in which company to invest further (Vogel 2014). Return on asset will help funders of the company to understand whether the company id efficiently using its asset to generate income. In this section, the financial ratios determined from the financial data available from the financial statement of Procter & Gamble and Unilever will be analyzed and assessed. Based on that recommendation will be given on the performance of those two companies.   The income statement, balance sheet and ratio analysis of Procter & Gamble for three years is discussed below based on which analysis is done. Earning before interest and and taxes Net margin (Net profit/Turnover*100) Return on asset (Net profit/Total asset*100) Return on Equity (Net profit/Equity*100) Asset Turnover (Turnover/Total   Asset) Earning per share (EPS) (Net profit/Number of shares) Current Ratio (Current Asset/Current Liability) Debt Equity ratio (Long term debt/Equity) Receivable turnover (Turnover/Account Receivable) Net profit margin shows the profit earning capacity of a company with respect to its turnover. For P&G, it has increased by 0.48% in 2014 but it has again decreased by 2.36% in 2015, which must a worrying factor for the management of P & G. However, year 2015 was a tough fiscal as addressed by Mr. A.G. LAFLEY, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Procter & Gamble in the annual report. P&G is a very renowned company, which has a very high brand value so it is expected that will turn around in its near future. Return on asset (ROA) has also decreased by 0.11% and 1.20% in 2014 and 2015 respectively. ROA determines how the management of the company is utilizing its asset to generate profitability. As it is decreasing it implies that management is not able to utilize its asset properly which must be take proper care of. Return on equity (ROE) has increased in the year 2014 by 0.09% whereas it has again decreased in the year 2015 by 2.58%. ROE implies the earning of the shareholder with respect to their investment in the company (Healy and Palepu 2012). If it has a deceasing trend then it is not at all beneficial from the view point of the company as shareholders will be de-motivate to invest further in the company if their investment is not earning well in P&G. New shareholders will also not be willing to invest if they analyze this ratio from the financial statement available publicly (Feng et al. 2014). Asset turnover ratio is used to determine whether the company is properly using its asset to generate revenue for the company. The higher the ratio is, the better it is for the company. Though this ratio has decreased during the three years period, P&G has maintained at this ratio at a range of 0.58-0.60, which is a good sign. However, it should try to increase this ratio in the near future. EPS has a huge implication in the stock market. It shows how the company has been performing with respect profitability per share (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). It has increased in 2014 by 0.12 but it has again decreased year 2015 by 0.92, which may be due to the economic down turn faced by the company. Therefore, it is expected that it will turn around in near future. Current ratio determines the capability of the company to pay off its short-term liability by selling its current asset in case of urgent need (Tan, Zhang and Liu 2013). This ratio should be maintained as high as possible. If it falls below 1 then it is danger sign for the company. However, it was below 1 during the year 2013 and 2014 P&G has been able to take this ratio to 1 in the year 2015. Debt-Equity ratio shows the mix of debt and equity funding of a company. This ratio should be kept as minimum as possible (Connolly, Hyndman and McConville 2013). Outside funding should never be more than own funding otherwise the company may be at risk of getting leveraged buyout. In case of P&G, it has been able to maintain it at a low level of 0.28 to 0.29 during the year 2013 to 2015, which is a very good indicator for the company. Receivable turnover ratio indicates how a company manages the credit issued to their customers (Harper 2016). If the ratio is high then it implies the company is efficient in collecting its receivable or it has a good customer base that can pay off debts fast. In case of P&G, this ratio has decreased by -0.89 in the year 2014 but it has again increased by 2.69 in the year 2015, which is a good sign. It has been able to maintain this ratio well above 10 that means it’s customers are capable in paying off their overdue quickly.   Earning before interest and and taxes Net margin (Net profit/Turnover*100) Return on asset (Net profit/Total asset*100) Return on Equity (Net profit/Equity*100) Asset Turnover (Turnover/Total   Asset) Earning per share (EPS) (Net profit/Number of shares) Current Ratio (Current Asset/Current Liability) Debt Equity ratio (Long term debt/Equity) Receivable turnover (Turnover/Account Receivable) In case of Unilever, its net profit margin has increased during 2014 by 0.95% but it has again decreased in 2015 by 1.46% that means its operating and other expenses have increased during this year (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). Therefore, Unilever must take measures to control its operating and other expenses. ROA has increased by 0.13% in 2014 but it has again decreased by 1.46% in 2015 that means Unilever is not able to utilize its asset efficiently to generate profit. This may have a negative impact on the stakeholders of the company, which must be taken into account by the management of the company immediately (Collier 2016). ROE has increased during 2014 by 0.13% whereas it has again decreased during 2015 by 1.38% that means it has not been able to generate higher return for the shareholders on their investment. This may discourage their shareholders to invest further in Unilever. Therefore, management must make sure this ratio does not fall further otherwise it may hamper the reputation of the company (Zakaria and Islam 2014). EPS has increased in 2014 by 0.11 whereas it has again decreased in 2015 by 0.09, which is not a good indicator for the company. The management of Unilever must take initiatives to increase its EPS in future years. Asset turnover ratio, which has decreased in 2014 by 0.09, has again increased in 2015 by 0.01, which indicates that Unilever is efficiently using its asset to generate revenue, which is a good sign for the company. Current ratio, which has decreased by 0.07 in 2014, has again increased in 2015 very insignificantly and it is well below 1, which must be a worrying factor the management of Unilever (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). Debt-Equity ratio is currently ZERO for Unilever that means it has no outside funding, which is very good sign. Receivable turnover ratio, which has decreased by -0.74 in 2014, has again increased by 1.46 in 2015 that means it is managing its credit period efficiently.   In this part, detailed discussion will be done on any one coefficient of P&G and Unilever and comparison will be done between them. It is better to select current ratio for the analysis purpose as it is one of the most important or key ratio for determining the liquidity and financial position of a company. A company is said to be in a good position if its current ratio is at least 2 that means its current asset is two times its current liabilities. It implies that a company can easily use its current asset to pay its short-term debts and if required can also repay some of its long-term debts. It is also known as working capital ratio and should not fall below 1. If it falls below 1 then it is an indicator for the management of the company that its liquidity position is in danger and it will not be able to pay off its debts at this point of time (Elshahat, Freedman and Elshahat 2015). However, it does not necessarily mean that company will go bankrupt. In case of P&G (Table-1), it can be seen that its current ratio was 0.80 in 2013 then it increased to 0.94 in 2014 and finally it became 1 in 2015. Though it was below 1 in 2013 and 2014, it was not much below 1 and made up the gap in 2015. Currently, P&G is in a position where it has the ability to pay off its short-term debts in case of any emergency from its current asset. Therefore, it can be said that P&G is financially stable at this point of time but it should try to increase these ratio further in future as during the past three years it has shown a increasing trend. On the other hand, in case of Unilever (Table-2), it can be seen that its current ratio was 0.70 in the year 2013, which decreased to 0.63 in 2014 and stayed at that level in the year 2015, which is well below one.   By analyzing, the above data it can be said that its liquidity position of Unilever is not that good which means   it will not be able to pay of its short-term debts currently. This indicates that the financial position of the company is in danger and if it is not able to increase its liquidity ratio immediately then its creditors will lose faith in the management of the Unilever. However, this does not mean company will be liquated immediately. It is definitely possible for Unilever to turn around in near future, as it is big brand in the market and very well known for its reputation and high values. While comparing the current ratio of both the company, P&G and Unilever, it can be said that currently P&G is in a better position than Unilever since its current ratio is more by 0.37. In addition, the current ratio is P&G is equal to 1 which is the minimum level that a company should maintain (Sharma and Panigrahi 2013). Whereas for Unilever it is much below than 1. Therefore, it can be said that P&G has a better working capital position and it has managed its liquidity efficiently. However, for both the company it is well below 2 which is considered as an appropriate Current Ratio for a company so the management of both the company should take measures to increase its current ratio in future years. A higher current ratio does not always indicate a better financial position of a company as there are many current assets, which are very slow moving and are not easily salable in the market. From the above analysis, it can be seen that P&G is better in some aspects whereas Unilever is better in some other aspects. Both the company should improve in certain fields as if current ratio is better for P&G whereas debt equity ratio is better for Unilever. Both this ratio reflects the liquidity position of the company so P&G should try to improve its Debt-equity whereas Unilever should try to improve its current ratio. P&G should try to decrease its operation cost in future to increase its profit margin. If profit margin increases then it will automatically increase its return on asset, return on equity and earning per share of the company unless asset and equity base of the of the company changes. Current ratio of P&G is maintained at its minimum level of 1 which is required to be increased to 2 to ensure a better liquidity position. Debt equity ratio of P&G is currently much below 1 i.e. 0.29 which must be worrying factor for the management of P&G as its outside funding is much higher than internal funding. P&G must take initiatives to increase its Debt-equity ratio by introducing new source of equity or by increasing its transfer to general reserve so increase it to above 1 immediately. Otherwise, P&G is at high risk of being leveraged buyout i.e. takeover of the company by the debt funders. On the other hand, Unilever should also try to control its operating expenses so that its net profit margin increases which in turn will increase the return on equity and return on asset of the company. Unilever’s current ratio is very low i.e. it is well below 1 which indicates a danger position for the company. Management of Unilever must take immediate step to increase its current ratio otherwise; its creditors will lose faith in the company.   From the above analysis, it can be said that both the company’s performance has decreased during the fiscal year 2015, as it was a tough year for the whole industry. Both the companies have a very good background and high consumer value so it is expected that their performance will definitely increase in future and they will again turn around. Both the company must focus on controlling their operating cost or increase their revenue to increase their market share. This will help them to increase other ratios also, which have an impact on other aspects of financial position. Both the company must focus on their current ratio especially Unilever since its current ratio is well below one whereas P&G has just maintained the minimum level. Debt equity ratio of P&G indicates a red signal so immediate action must be taken by its management to improve it whereas for Unilever it is ZERO, which shows that it does not have any external funding. Therefore, Unilever must introduce some external funding to get a good mix of external and internal funding. Both the company has a good receivable turnover so they should try to maintain this ratio in future. This above recommendation and comparison is based on ratio analysis that may not always give best results, as there is many limitation and drawbacks of ratio analysis. Since ratio analysis is based on past data, it does not show the future prospects of a company. Therefore, this things must be kept in mind by the investors before deciding on the investment opportunities available to them.  Ã‚   Collier, P., 2016. Accounting For Managers Interpreting Accounting Information For Decision Making 0470845023. Connolly, C., Hyndman, N. and McConville, D., 2013. Conversion ratios, efficiency and obfuscation: a study of the impact of changed UK charity accounting requirements on external stakeholders.  Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,  24(3), pp.785-804. Elshahat, I., Freedman, M. and Elshahat, A., 2015. Are index measures better than individual measures in assessing the association between environmental and financial performance? A multivariate analysis study.International Journal of Critical Accounting,  7(2), pp.191-212. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S.E. and Skaife, H., 2014. Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management.  The Accounting Review,  90(2), pp.529-557. Harper, D., 2016. Accounting Financial Statements Analysis. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.  Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.  Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.  Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.  Principles of accounting. Cengage Learning. Sharma, A. and Panigrahi, P.K., 2013. A review of financial accounting fraud detection based on data mining techniques.  arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.3944. Tan, L., Zhang, W. and Liu, B., 2013. Forecast Management Based on Enterprise Financial Accounting Report.  Management & Engineering, (13), p.60. Vogel, H.L., 2014.  Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press. 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Immigration ( Microeconomics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Immigration ( Microeconomics) - Essay Example Infact the issue of immigration has assumed a transnational importance in the last three decades. It is not without a reason that immigration has become a hot topic throughout the Western world in the contemporary times. Politicians and informed citizens are highly polarized in their opinion regarding immigration because of the impact it may have or is supposed to have on the demography, culture and especially the economy of the concerned nations. More then half a million people from varied countries and ethnic backgrounds enter the US every year. As per some conservative estimates, nearly 12 million illegal immigrants presently call the United States their home. The very magnitude of immigration in North America, EU and Australia raises many disturbing questions. Is immigration good for the countries having liberal immigration laws Will the immigrants have a salubrious influence on the economies of these nations Should the immigration laws be further liberalized Do the economies of these countries have the ability and the potential to absorb the large scale skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workforce generated by accommodating immigration policies Will immigration lead to many related problems like terrorism, radicalism and surplus workforce Pragmatically speaking, immigration is bound to stimulate the Western Economies. At least, the available demographic and economic data points towards this conclusion.It is a basic economic fact that the fast growing economies do have an insatiable hunger for resources, physical capital and above all human capital. So the fundamental query should be that are the major Western economies growing at a pace where they need tremendous input in terms of human capital from other countries It will be really interesting to look into the economic prospects of some of the topmost Western economies. As for the US economy, the data furnished by the authentic and reliable global organizations like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, targeted at the eight years of Bush's presidency indicate a pink and plump state of affairs (Perry). According to the World Bank statistics, the GDP per capita in the United States rose to $ 41,813 in 2005 (Perry). As per an IMF report, between the years 2001-2008, the real American GDP "grew at an average annual rate of 2.2 % (Perry)." The unemployment rate in the US also stood at a tolerable and stable figure of 4.7 % between 2001-2007 (Perry).Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth - United States - USA (%) 2.5 3.7 4.5 4.2 4.4 3.7 0.8 1.6 2.5 3.9 3.2 3.4 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth - United States - USA (%), Source: Eurostat(euroekonom.com) European Union, which is the largest economic and trading block of the world, is also expected to outperform the past expectations in terms of economic

Forensic Science 3.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Science 3.2 - Essay Example Imprints are heavily useful in forensic identification. The most common example of an imprint sample in terms of physical evidence is the presence of fingerprints. It is an example of an individualization pattern that can be â€Å"packaged† and brought inside the laboratory unlike a reconstruction pattern. Fingerprints found on physical evidences can now be stored and examined inside the laboratory and are important due to their ability to identify the unique individual associated with it. Friction ridge skin pattern is a method of analyzing fingerprints and comparing with other imprints found on evidences so as to identify a unique individual (Gaensslen, Harris and Lee, 2008). Indentation is a three dimensional pattern which results from soft contact with an object as opposed to an imprint (Gaensslen, Harris and Lee, 2008). A track and trail pattern made on sand, mud or earth can be described as an example of an indentation. This is due to the soft nature of surfaces such as sand which would result in an indentation. Indentations are useful marks that can allow useful examination of physical evidences as they indicate directions. In the case of track and trail pattern, drag marks can be followed and blood trails can be compared by means of chemical tests. Physical patterns include skid marks and other marks let by vehicle tires. Skid marks and other tire marks can be used for reconstructing car accidents and other incidents involving an automobile. Skid mark analysis is usually performed by an expert or a forensic engineer (Gaensslen, Harris and Lee, 2008). Various measurements such as length of a mark can direct towards different possibilities. These marks are documented either as a videotape or a photograph and then reconstructed and compared by means of a laboratory based examination. This can uncover many details regarding any failures that could have

Late Antiquity, Catacomes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Late Antiquity, Catacomes - Research Paper Example In each type of religion, it is prevalent that people pay much attention to the catacombs of their own religion. Some historians have paid in depth attention to the reason behind the invasion and creation of this type of religious art. Their judgments show the emergence of this concept to have erupted as a way set out by the religious communities to practice their religion more easily. For instance, Christianity was considered as an illegal religion during the 2nd and 3rd century (Ricciardi 991). Hence, to practice their rituals, they formed a special place to perform underground burials; according to their tradition. Later, when their religion received legal status during 313 AD, their burial processions henceforth moved from the catacombs into the public sphere. Since catacombs were a new and a very different concept from the naturally existing burial processes of the present age, many historians and archeologists have shown high levels interest in their background and antiquity. J org Scheid, one of the archeologists from the United States has put a major work in this field. Scheid aimed examining the condition of the dead bodies that were centuries earlier buried underground (Yeomans 59). His aim, however, could not be very successfully carried forward, since his digging was greatly hampered due to the fact that many of the possible signs and indications, that could have otherwise have been helpful to assess the bodies and utilize catacombs for ancient study, were destroyed in past fires, flooding, earth quakes or other natural disasters (Delgado 321). Yet, he could gain his major findings and base his observations mainly on the remains of the cloths that were used for covering the dead bodies. Some archeologists evenly studied and tried to observe the conditions and reasons behind the damage of the dead bodies and their destroyed shapes. They figured out that the dead bodies in the catacombs under the Capuchin Monastery zone were kept under a temperature of 25 degree Celsius; along with an intensely humid environment that ranged almost above 80 percent over the normal rate. This temperature management was proven to be totally unsuitable and not ideal for maintaining or preserving dead bodies; which was the major reason of making catacombs. The people of past centuries believed to maintain the dead bodies of their religious heroes to be seen and idealized by the coming generations. But the storage conditions proved ineffective for the sustainability and long lasting maintenance of the catacomb’s dead bodies. Yet, the archeologists have reported that certain dead bodies are better preserved than the others. They claim them to have superior in the religious practices of their age, and hence, were treated by the than people with respect after death and they were kept and preserved with more care. These supposed catacomb heroes are mostly found with large amount of tissues still existing within their bodies; still un-decomposed. Oth er than the heroic traits or religious superiority that was assumed by the archeologists to have been the major reason

London Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

London Economy - Essay Example This is because it had considerable impact on family life, health, civility, parenting and academic achievement. Since the implementation of the London Living Wage campaign in 2001, majority of the lowly paid employees have advocated for them to be paid the living wage. The living wage is not only of benefit to the employees, but also to the employers. In this study, we considered the impact of London Living Wage on the banking sector. Employers in this sector benefit by; improvement in the employees’ morale, recruitment and retention of workers, increase the overall productivity of the firm, workers motivation and also on the goodwill of the firm as a whole. Employees will also benefit through better working conditions and improved living standards and life styles. This has enabled them manage their bills accurately, pay for tuition and further training and have a better family life. Living wage can be defined as, a wage rate sufficient to provide and meet the necessities and other social amenities that are essential, at an acceptable standard of living. There is a distinction between living wage and minimum wage. Minimum wage is defined as a wage determined by the legal authority which employers cannot pay their employees below it (Waltman, 2008). On the other hand, the London Living Wage is the threshold at which individuals can live above the poverty line, and they can have sufficient net to provide and maintain a quality life (Luce, 2005). The first campaign of LLW was launched in 2001 by London citizens. They included; schools, faith organizations, community groups and trade union branches. They argued that low income had effects on the community as a whole. This is because it had considerable impact on family life, health, civility, parenting and academic achievement. The main aim of the campaign was to establish a living wage that was distinct from the already existing legal obligatory minimum wage. They argued that

Super Bowl Commercial 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Super Bowl Commercial 2014 - Essay Example In less than ten seconds, each scene tells a story of a thousand words. There is no mention of the brand name or image of the Microsoft logo throughout the commercial until the very end of the commercial. I believe the commercial brings out the personality of Microsoft. Microsoft strives to invent and develop amazing computer software that caters for not only ordinary people, but people with specific or special needs also. Technology has made life simpler and better. Technology has made people’s dreams a reality and Microsoft is at the forefront of such initiatives. The Super bowl 2014 Apple Inc commercial a competitor of Microsoft known for its IOS operating systems and OS X computer software did not have such a creative well thought through commercial (O’Grady, 2014). The Apple Inc commercial concentrated on their product iPhone and not a broader perspective of what they are all about. The Microsoft commercial was far more superior in terms of quality and was able to market Microsoft as a brand that cares and not a brand that wants to sell only. My favorite spot in the Microsoft commercial was a scene showing a small girl jumping up and down and screaming from seeing her father probably through Skype. It brings out the aspect of how technology builds relationships. The Super bowl Microsoft Commercial 2014 was

Applications paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applications paper - Movie Review Example As Guy planned revenge, a twist in the ending showed Buddy confessing having had same bullied treatment before he became the manager, and this is his way of motivating Guy to succeed. Plot 2. Smoking Room is a movie about discrimination and culture.(The world of business in movies, 2009). It is about a middle level executive (Ramirez), who got enraged when his U.S. based office ban smoking in the office premises. If anyone wants to smoke, he has to go out of at least 20 ft. from the office premises, sometimes exposed to freezing cold or burning heat of temperatures. Ramirez who claims to have a Spanish descent, believes this rule is discriminating and disregards the acceptability of the Spanish smoking culture. He was alone in his campaign after his colleagues left him in his fight due to office politics, agenda and convenience.(The World of Business in Movies, 2009). Let us first identify the fundamental concepts of organizational behavior. These are individual differences, perception, whole person, motivation, desire for involvement, and human dignity. These concepts are transformed in the four models of organization that are described in the movie. Study looks at the concept of human dignity in â€Å"Swimming with Sharks† and Individual differences thru diversity in â€Å"Smoking Room†. â€Å"Swimming with Sharks† is a movie that reflects an organizational concept of boss-employee relationship that is defined in an autocratic manner. It is a movie shown in 1994 but continues to share its relevance in organizational behavior studies today. Although the movie is done in a comical way, the characters played perfectly the roles in a conflict situation in an organization; one that tries autocratic authority to compel obedience, and an employee-employer relationship based on fear. The movie gives credit to the saying â€Å"the end justifies the means†, wherein the finale of the movie shows the assistant elevated to a higher

Cormac McCarthys The Road Essay Example for Free

Cormac McCarthys The Road Essay A novel entitled The Road sparks the image of a journey, not necessarily one concerning movement, but an experience, where by the time you reach the destination you have either witnessed something or come-by certain things which may affect you as a person, changed the way you think or possibly had an effect on your personal ethics. For example, a mental journey, whereby somebody lives through a certain period in their life and comes out the other end with a new perspective and attitude, like in J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. Another type of journey is an actual physical one from A to B; at the destination in this type of journey one may feel a sense of achievement and arrive at B with scores of anecdotes and stories that can range from little events that make a good joke to events which may actually change you as a person. Writing about journeys like these is a genre of writing in its own right: Travel Writing, an example being John Steinbecks Travels with Charley. The third type of journey that I associate with the phrase The Road is the concept of being on an open road, simply going with no particular interest in where you may arrive, simply the journey itself has its importance. This may simply be on a whim or yearning for open road or maybe because of a need to travel, to not stop and just keep going and perhaps to get away from something, an example of this is the film Thelma and Louise. This is a key image in American Culture, not only featured in many novels and films but important simply because it represents a freedom to be who you want to be. The open road offers new horizons and the prospect to witness new and unexpected things. This idea represents the liberty and freedom found in America The way in which the protagonists travel in The Road is not the picture perfect, open road, free spirited adventure, they rarely travel on the actual road, to avoid being seen by others who may want their belongings and food. This was not a safe place. They could be seen from the road. The iconic concept of the open-ness and the freedom associated with it is no longer present in Cormac McCarthys America. The idea of the road being such a dangerous and deadly place and the paranoia of the man is installed firmly in the readers head by the fourth page, when it discusses the shopping trolley the man has in which he carries all his possessions, food, blankets and tarpaulin. On the handlebars of the trolley the man clamped a chrome motorcycle mirror that he used to watch the road behind him which shows that whoever is left in his world isnt to be trusted and its a fend for yourself environment with none of the trust and neighbourliness that America is famous for. In the post-apocalyptic world portrayed in The Road we see an utter breakdown in the sense of community and the love thy neighbour ethic for which America is renowned. In the book, the few people the man and child come across are treated with utter caution or are avoided altogether and people who need help are ignored. An example of this would be when they come across the man who has been hit by lightning and they dont help him. The son cries for his father to help the man, but he bluntly refuses and does nothing. This is an accurate account of how some people may react in todays world where help may not be given to the man by some people so as not involve themselves, but the good thing to do would, of course, be to seek medical help. Traditional American values would instruct that one do the good thing and aid the lightning struck man. Another good example of the lack of common ethics is when the stranger robs all their belongings and they run after him and not only get it back, but also take everything he has on him, including his clothes. The fact that the man and robber are prepared to leave the other to die of the cold and starvation, represents how McCarthys world has changed human nature and the love thy neighbour and do unto others only what you would want done to yourself ethics are left disregarded and one cares for no-one but themselves.. Im starving, man. Youd have done the same. You took everything. Come on man. Ill die. This proves my point that the people left will do anything to survive even if that worsens the chances of another individual. For me, the theme that is present throughout the book and had me contrasting McCarthys world to todays is the relationship between the father and son. The young child is, of course, dependent on his father for food, guidance and moral support like most children are today and this image is strong in America with the concept of a nuclear, wholesome family being very important. In the book, whilst the sense of community may have collapsed, the father-son relationship is very strong; they care for each other, keep each other company and the father brings the child up as best he can, but in Cormac McCarthys world nothing is left quite the same. What unsettled me was how freely the child spoke about their possible impending death and themes of a similar nature. The situation in which this child has been reared has left him matured beyond his years, an example showing this being when he asks his dad, You think we are going to die dont you? Were not going to die. Okay. The child is so unfazed by the topic and it strikes me as odd and proves how even something as simple as the carefree thoughts of a child have been distorted by the world and lifestyle of the people within the America McCarthy depicts. Within the story there are two scenes that are stuck in my mind because of their vividness and brutality. Firstly, when the father and son break into a house and find dismembered, burnt people locked in the basement, a man with his legs gone to the hip. These people are being held very much like poorly treated animals or cattle, probably to be eaten, because the people are so desperate for food they have resorted to what is one of the most taboo and strictly forbidden act in most societies, cannibalism. Also the setting of their incarceration is chilling and something only thought of in nightmares. Secondly, when the father and son come across the baby gutted and placed on the spit roast in preparation for a meal. America prides itself on the fact that its a free country. This phrase is thrown around a lot but it basically means that people there have a freedom to say and do what they want as long as it doesnt break the law. The people locked in the cellar certainly arent free and them being held captive shows how extreme people may have become out of starvation and desperation to survive disregarding their previously strong believe in freedom and equality. This is also interesting because it wouldnt be the first time slavery has been an issue in America. After the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which was passed in 1865, slavery was made illegal in America and equality reigns. The change was accepted after years of fighting and now America sees itself as a fair nation with racism and the plight of the black man as less of an issue, a good example being that the first black American President is going to be inaugurated January 20th of the coming year. Cormac McCarthys book portrays this ethic of us all being of the same level of importance being readily ignored by those in need to feed themselves and survive. In the news we often hear about anti-abortion lobbyists and pro-life rallies, especially in America. In Cormac McCarthys book the protagonists see a group of people travelling with impregnated women and then the man and son walk through the abandoned camp of these people and find a gutted baby on the spit-roast. If you put the two together the idea may strike you that women are being impregnated for the sole purpose of the meat theyll produce. In todays world this would be considered ungodly and unmentionable and not only brings up the topic of cannibalism but also the controversial theme of abortion which is utterly ignored in McCarthys world and the fact that it has gone beyond mere cannibalism but the actual production of babies for meat shows the pure desperation of some to survive and the ethical issue which is so very important today, ignored. In the scene the author refers to the baby itself very impersonally, as if its a piece of meat and nothing more. The author describes it as a human infant, headless, gutless and blackening on the spit, very brief and to the point much like one may have described it were it a common farm animal. If it werent for the human infant part it may well have been anything, the author does little to humanise the creature on the spit-roast. I think this may be simply to shield the reader and avoid the text being too explicit but also to show how this is largely commonplace in McCarthys world and that whilst shocking to the more good-willed protagonists, for some it is merely a case of survival. America is often referred to as the land of plenty, with its almost endless resources, especially of food. The poignant scene in which the father finds what could possibly be the last coke can on earth shows just how much has changed in McCarthys world and introduces the notion of how we take too much for granted. In the scene with the coke can the author describes drinks machinestilted on the floor, opened with pry bars. This shows the desperation of mankind for such objects like Coca Cola, which are integral to lifestyles in modern society and inexplicable to those who havent witnessed it. People now never think such ubiquitous items will run out. What makes the scene sadder is the fact that this iconic can which nowadays is seen in many pieces of pop-artwork, has hundreds if not thousands of adverts worldwide and is truly a universally recognized brand, isnt recognized by the child, showing how in McCarthys world this idea of a constant, ready supply of everything is simply no longer the case, especially with food. Throughout the book, punctuation is hardly used; with no speech marks and few commas and the father and son arent, at any point, referred to by name. I believe that this is to further the image that Cormac McCarthy is portraying; conveying the fact that the breakdown of society and nature is such that things like punctuation and the names of the characters, no longer are of any importance as there are more important things, survival for instance and by dropping things like the names it leaves the reader to focus more upon the father-son relationship and less on the more trivial details. The American Dream is the concept of everybody reaching his or her full potential and having the ability to fulfil their hearts desire, in the land of opportunity that America is famous for. People often immigrate to America to start a business or career in either the music industry or maybe acting. In the book rather than going to America in the hope of having it all, money, glamour, the sweet life, people are trying to leave because they have nothing. It shows how different this bleak world his and how everything has turned on its head. The phrase itself, American Dream was coined by James Truslow Adams in his book, published in 1931, called The Epic of America; in the book his definition for it is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone but in McCarthys world, for anyone surviving there is nothing left of the original values of America, the living are in some cases, hunted for food, their freedom compromised for fear and ultimately nothing remains as it was.

Reflecting And Refracting Telescopes

Reflecting And Refracting Telescopes The telescopes invention is often pegged in 1608 with the award of a patent to Lippershey by the States-General, the name for parliament in the Netherlands. However, an Englishman, Thomas Harriott constructed an early, low-power version of the telescope and used it in August 1609 to observe the Moon, at the same time when Galileo presented a similar small instrument to the Venetian Senate. Galileo undertook his own serious observations in October or November of that same year with a larger telescope. Hans Lippershey , a Dutch eyeglass manufacturer,is most often associated with the invention of the telescope. Lippershey was awarded a patent for his device in October 1608 by the parliament in the Netherlands.Credit for the invention of the telescope is also extended to Jacob Metius, a Dutch optician, though he was reluctant to allow the Dutch parliament to review his patent claim and even prohibited anyone from seeing his device. Despite his reluctance, Metius was eventually awarded a small sum from parliament, also in 1608, when he applied for a patent on his device a few weeks after Lippershey.However, the Dutch parliament only allowed Lippershey to construct a binocular version of his telescope. So, Lippershey is also the inventor of the binocular! ( note: Galileo Galilei did not invent the telescope!) TELESCOPE DIMENSIONS Aperture: The diameter of the primary mirror or lens. This determines the limiting magnitude and the angular resolution. Focal Length: The length it takes the light to converge to a single point. A smaller focal length increases magnification and brightness, whereas a longer focal length has the opposite effect. This makes a difference only for extended objects, not stars. Magnifying Power: (focal length of eyepiece)/(focal length of telescope). F/Ratio: (focal length of telescope)/aperture. A ratio of 8 is written f/8. Focal Plane: The plane perpendicular to the point of convergence. PARAMETERS OF TELESCOPE The utility of a telescope depends on its ability to collect large quantities of light and to resolve fine details. The brightness of an image is proportional to the area of the light-gathering element, which is proportional to the square of that elements aperture. The brightness also depends on the area over which the image is spread. This area is inversely proportional to the square of the focal length (f) of the lens. The brightness of the image therefore depends on the square of the f/ratio, just as in an ordinary camera. The resolving power of a telescope depends on the diameter of the aperture and the wavelength observed; the larger the diameter, the smaller the detail that can be resolved. TYPES OF TELESCOPES We will be primarily concerned with optical telescopes which have two basic subdivisions: Refracting Telescopes: Refraction works on the principle that light has different bending properties in different media (glass,water, air, etc.). Refracting Telescopes use a glass lens to cause the convergence of the light. Reflecting Telescopes: Reflecting telescopes use mirrors (concave or convex) to direct incoming light to converge to a point. REFRACTING TELESCOPES Small refracting telescopes are used in binoculars, cameras, gunsights, galvanometers, periscopes, surveying instruments, rangefinders, astronomical telescopes, and a great variety of other devices. Parallel or nearly parallel light from the distant object enters from the left, and the objective lens forms an inverted image of it . The inverted image is viewed with the aid of a second lens, called the eyepiece. The eyepiece is adjusted (focused) to form a parallel bundle of rays so that the image of the object may be viewed by the eye without strain. The objective lens is typically compound; that is, it is made up of two or more pieces of glass, of different types, designed to correct for aberrations such as chromatic aberration. To construct a visual refractor, a lens is placed beyond the images formed by the objective and viewed with the eye. To construct a photographic refractor or simply a camera, a photographic plate is placed at the position of the image. Simplified optical diagram of a refracting telescope. Refracting optical system used to photograph a star field. Generally, refracting telescopes are used in applications where great magnification is required, namely, in planetary studies and in astrometry, the measurement of star positions and motions. However, this practice is changing, and the traditional roles of refractors are being carried out effectively by a few reflecting telescopes, in part because of effective limitations on the size of refracting telescopes. A refractor lens must be relatively thin to avoid excessive absorption of light in the glass. On the other hand,the lens can be supported only around its edge and thus is subject to sagging distortions that change as the telescope is pointed from the horizon to the zenith; thus its thickness must be great enough to give it mechanical rigidity. An effective compromise between these two demands is extremely difficult, making larger refractors unfeasible. The largest refracting telescope is the 1-m (40-in.) telescope-built over a century ago-at Yerkes Observatory. This size is about the limit for optical glass lenses. REFLECTING TELESCOPES The principal optical element, or objective, of a reflecting telescope is a mirror. The mirror forms an image of a celestial object (Fig. 3) which is then examined with an eyepiece, photographed, or studied in some other manner. Viewing a star with a reflecting telescope. In this configuration, the observer may block the mirror unless it is a very large telescope. Reflecting telescopes generally do not suffer from the size limitations of refracting telescopes. The mirrors in these telescopes can be as thick as necessary and can be supported by mechanisms that prevent sagging and thus inhibit excessive distortion. In addition, mirror materials having vanishingly small expansion coefficients, together with ribbing techniques that allow rapid equalization of thermal gradients in a mirror, have eliminated the major thermal problems plaguing telescope mirrors. Some advanced reflecting telescopes use segmented mirrors, composed of many separate pieces. By using a second mirror (and even a third one, in some telescopes), the optical path in a reflector can be folded back on itself, permitting a long focal length to be attained with an instrument housed in a short tube. A short tube can be held by a smaller mounting system and can be housed in a smaller dome than a long-tube refractor. DERIVATIONS IN TELESCOPE Two fundamentally different types of telescopes exist; both are designed to aid in viewing distant objects, such as the planets in our Solar System. The refracting telescope uses a combination of lenses to form an image, and the reflecting telescope uses a curved mirror and a lens.The lens combination shown in Figure is that of a refracting telescope. Like the compound microscope, this telescope has an objective and an eyepiece. The two lenses are arranged so that the objective forms a real, inverted image of a distant object very near the focal point of the eyepiece. Because the object is essentially at infinity, this point at which I 1 forms is the focal point of the objective. The eyepiece then forms, at I 2, an enlarged, inverted image of the image at I 1. In order to provide the largest possible magnification, the image distance for the eyepiece is infinite. This means that the light rays exit the eyepiece lens parallel to the principal axis, and the image of the objective lens must form at the focal point of the eyepiece. Hence, the two lenses are separated by a distance fo + fe , which corresponds to the length of the telescope tube. The angular magnification of the telescope is given by à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½/à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½o, where à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½o is the angle subtended by the object at the objective and à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½ is the angle subtended by the final image at the viewers eye. Consider Figure, in which the object is a very great distance to the left of the figure. The angle à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½o (to the left of the objective) subtended by the object at the objective is the same as the angle (to the right of the objective) subtended by the first image at the objective. Thus, tan à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½o= à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½o= -h/f o where the negative sign indicates that the image is inverted. The angle à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½ subtended by the final image at the eye is the same as the angle that a ray coming from the tip of I1 and traveling parallel to the principal axis makes with the principal axis after it passes through the lens. Thus, tan à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=h/fe We have not used a negative sign in this equation because the final image is not inverted; the object creating this final image I2 is I1, and both it and I2 point in the same direction. Hence, the angular magnification of the telescope can be expressed as m= à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½/à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½o=h/fe /-h/fo=-fo/fe and we see that the angular magnification of a telescope equals the ratio of the objective focal length to the eyepiece focal length. The negative sign indicates that the image is inverted.When we look through a telescope at such relatively nearby objects as the Moon and the planets, magnification is important. However, individual stars in our galaxy are so far away that they always appear as small points of light no matter how great the magnification. A large research telescope that is used to study very distant objects must have a great diameter to gather as much light as possible. It is difficult and expensive to manufacture large lenses for refracting telescopes. Another difficulty with large lenses is that their weight leads to sagging, which is an additional source of aberration. These problems can be partially overcome by replacing the objective with a concave mirror, which results in a reflecting telescope. Because light is reflected from the mirror and does not pass through a lens, the mirror can have rigid supports on the back side. Such supports eliminate the problem of sagging. Figure shows the design for a typical reflecting telescope. Incoming light rays pass down the barrel of the telescope and are reflected by a parabolic mirror at the base. These rays converge toward point A in the figure, where an image would be formed. However, before this image is formed, a small, flat mirror M reflects the light toward an opening in the side of the tube that passes into an eyepiece. This particular design is said to have a Newtonian focus because Newton developed it. Above figure shows such a telescope. Note that in the reflecting telescope the light never passes through glass (except through the small eyepiece). As a result, problems associated with chromatic aberration are virtually eliminated. The reflecting telescope can be made even shorter by orienting the flat mirror so that it reflects the light back toward the objective mirror and the light enters an eyepiece in a hole in the middle of the mirror. LIMITATIONS For many applications, the Earths atmosphere limits the effectiveness of larger telescopes. The most obvious deleterious effect is image scintillation and motion, collectively known as poor seeing. Atmospheric turbulence produces an extremely rapid motion of the image resulting in a smearing. On the very best nights at ideal observing sites, the image of a star will be spread out over a 0.25-arcsecond seeing disk; on an average night, the seeing disk may be between 0.5 and 2.0 arcseconds. It has been demonstrated that most of the air currents that cause poor seeing occur within the observatory buildings themselves. Substantial improvements in seeing have been achieved by modern design of observatory structures. The upper atmosphere glows faintly because of the constant influx of charged particles from the Sun. This airglow adds a background exposure or fog to photographic plates that depends on the length of the exposure and the speed (f/ratio) of the telescope. The combination of the finite size of the seeing disk of stars and the presence of airglow limits the telescopes ability to see faint objects. One solution is placing a large telescope in orbit above the atmosphere. In practice, the effects of air and light pollution outweigh those of airglow at most observatories in the United States.

Patriarchal Pathology: The Case of Sam Shepard’s Buried Child and Mahes

Sam Shepard and Mahesh Dattani belong to different countries and time span. They come from different social, ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Sam Shepard belongs to the cream of the crop of 20th century American dramatists. He was involved with New York's Off-Off Broadway Theater - the new experimental theaters that sprung up in church halls, lofts, basements and cafes after the Off-Broadway theater had become expensive. He was closely allied with Theater Genesis-an Off-Off Broadway venue based at St.Mark’s in the Bowery, an Episcopalian church in the East Village at 2nd Avenue and 10th Street. Mahesh Dattani is a well known cotemporary Indian-English playwright, the first Indian playwright writing in English to be awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award. Sam Shepard explores the complicated relationships within American families. In order to ensure the myth of the American Dream, however unattainable, family life is seen by playwrights like Sam Shepard to pay the price. The family is breaking up from within by their adherence to public values. Although his plays explore deeply the American psyche and investigate the cultural heritage of their nation, yet they have a mainstream plea to people all over the world. Mahesh Dattani writes on the burning issues that beset the post-independence Indian society, whether it is communal discord, politics and crime, growing homosexuality or the gender bias. He uses stage to condemn many of the drawbacks prevailing in society. His plays depict marginalized groups of society, people who are considered misfits in a society where stereotyped attitudes and notions reign supreme. His plays have varied content and varied appeal. The works of Sam Shepard and Mahesh Dattani thus r... ...Print. Shepard, Sam.Buried Child.Vintage Publications,1979.Print. Secondary Source Deeba,Farha.Prioritizing the invisible:A Study of the Select plays of Mahesh Dattani.Diss.University of Kashmir,2013. Mathisen,Kari.What’s Happened to this Family Anyway? The Disintegration of the American Family in Selected Plays by O’Neill,Miller,and Shepard.MA thesis. University of Troms,2009. Ranjan,Mukesh. â€Å"Mahesh Dattani’s Where There’s a Will: Exorcising the Patriarchal Code†.The Dramatic World of Mahesh Dattani-A Critical Exploration.Ed.Amar Nath Suri.Sarup Book Publishers,2009.136-144.Print. Shepard, Sam. Buried Child.In Sam Shepard:Plays,Vol.2.London:Faber and Faber,1997.Print. The Cambridge Companion to Sam Shepard. Ed.Mathew Roundane.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2002.Print.

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Field Of Innocence ? 27th September , 2013 Chennai : Little boys and girls , running around trees trying to catch up each other : this painting on the walls of the Juvenile Home in Kelly’s, Chennai holds no resemblance to the lives of the Juveniles In Conflict With Law ( JCL). A look at the boys here, uniformly dressed in blue, playing carrom would paint the picture of the government trying to provide a normal childhood to the juveniles. But, the cold stare the latter give visitors is proof of their innocence lost . â€Å" You better not cheat . I swear to God I will kill you â€Å",says one JCL to another . The fact that they’ve been â€Å"jailed† for crimes as severe as murder has not abated their aggression.To see 12 years olds talking about killing with so much conviction is disheartening. The procedure of charting out a JCL’s life in state run juvenile homes is on dazed grounds . â€Å"We’ve no control over the Juvenile Homes . We just catch the kids who’ve committed the crime and hand them over to the Social Welfare Department ( Defense) â€Å", says Shyamala Devi , Assistant Commisioner,Chennai...

Power of Attorney :: essays research papers

POWER OF ATTORNEY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notice: The powers granted by this document are broad and sweeping. They are not defined in te Colorado Statutes, Sections 15-1-101 to 15-1-1202, inclusive, of the General Statutes, which expressly permits the use of any other or different form of power of attorney desired by the parties concerned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Know All Men By These Presents, which are intended to constitute an IRREVOCABLE GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY pursuant to Colorado Statutes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That I_________________ do hereby appoint Piotr Bieniek my attorney- in-fact TO ACT:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First: In my name, place, and stead in any way which I myself could do, if I were personally present, which respect to the following matters as each of them is defined in the Colorado Statutes to the extent that I am permitted by law to act through an agent:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only Selection I or Selection II should be completed NOT BOTH If both Selections are completed, this Power of Attorney IS NOT VALID Selection I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REQUIRED ARE BOTH THE SIGNATURE AND THE INITIALS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OF THE PRINCIPAL WITHIN THIS SELECTION I. BOTH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REQUIREMENTS CONSTITUTE A FULL GENERAL POWER OF   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ATTORNEY WITHOUT ANY LIMITATION OR RESTRICTION.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X ( )   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SCRIBE ET SCRIBE DEBERE EQUIPARANTUR IN JURE Selection II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strike out and initial in the opposite box any one or more of the subdivisions as to which the principal does NOT desire to give the agent authority. Such elimination of any one or more of subdivision (A) to (K), inclusive, shall automatically constitute an elimination also of subdivision (L).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To strike out any subdivision the principal must draw a line through the text of that subdivision AND write his initials in the opposite box. (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  real estate transactions; ( ) (B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  chattel and goods transactions; ( ) (C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  bond, share, and commodity transactions; ( ) (D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  banking transactions; ( ) (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  business operating transactions; ( ) (F)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  insurance transactions; ( ) (G)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  estate transactions; ( ) (H)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  claims and litigation; ( ) (I)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  personal relationships and affairs; ( ) (J)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  benefits from military service; ( ) (K)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  records, reports, and statements; ( ) (L)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  all other matters; ( ) (hand written by the principal, in the principal’s own handwriting) ( )   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second: With full and unqualified authority to delegate any or all of the foregoing powers to any person or persons whom my attorney-in-fact shall select.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third: Hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney(s) or substitute(s) do cause to be done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fourth: To induce any third party to act hereunder, I hereby agree that any third party receiving a duly executed copy or facsimile of this instrument may act hereunder, and that

Tom Ang

Tom Ang grew up playing the clarinet. His dream was to become the first clarinet for the London schools symphony orchestra. he never made his dream in the musical world so he turned to the world of Medicine. he stayed in the Nottingham medical school for 3 years before he decided that this wasn't his passion either. he traveled to Hong Kong many years later and saw the beauty that he has never seen before. he then decided that this was his passion. to photograph the things people pass by everyday and to have a new world seen from right under our noses.He traveled to mexico to see not the poverty that is riddled throughout the land but to see the happiness that the families share even in the dark times. to show that it doesn't matter how much money you have to care for your family but how much heart. In his trip to mexico he realized that people don't want to always see the darker things in life that may seem interesting. he saw past the mirror that makes other people resilient and ch ooses to take pictures of the obvious things that others won't see.Tom decided that these pictures are the ones that show true heart and are willing to break the boundaries of normal lifestyle and show the cultures of many other races and nations. he also visits New York in that same year and tries to show New York from the outside worlds perspective. this meaning the poverty that surrounds New York so that it seems similar to mexico and the other countries. he soon realizes that these people are not like the ones in his other photographs that these people are dangerous and are not fueled by heart and love but they are fueled by hate and greed.He tries to capture these pictures as best as he can but did not post many because he believed that they didn't show the true feeling he felt when taking the photos and it doesn't have the same effect if it doesn't feel the same. At this point in time Tom started working with Fay Godwin as his assistant. he was asked if he knew how to print be cause that would be his basic job, and of course he responded yes. He claims that he was a total amateur and did not want to admit it because he needed the job. Yet for some reason she kept him on the team and trained him to become a better printer so he can print for her book and galleries.Tom traveled back to Hong Kong and took many more homescape photos while on his vacation there. Tom had upset a large nest of bees when photographing there. they attacked him very vigorously and sent him to the operating table. he says that his life could have ended right there. after his battle with the bees he traveled to japan in search of a dream boat that kept appearing every time that he would dream. he searched through all of japan taking pictures of boats so he could find it. but sadly this boat was never found.

What Makes Rock Stars Popular?

Sex, drugs, and rock and roll—these are just three of the many words always associated with a rock star. While it may be stereotypical, these phrases stand witness to the rise and fall of rock stars. Depending on the sound that a group would like to be identified with, identifiers of cool factor and talent is also highly variable. Oftentimes, what is cool is dictated by the image portrayed by the group. On some instances, what is cool for the group may not be the same with the audience. In terms of talent, a group may feel that they have the power to carry out either an all new sound, or one that is imitated or inspired from another group. The audiences, however, has determinants which sounds become famous, and if renditions should be welcomed or not. Thus, it is not safe to identify which between the rock stars or the audiences have the final say as to who and what becomes famous. However, there is still a way to measure what makes it big in the rock arena. What makes rock stars famous? attempts to zero in on the probable reasons behind the success and failure of rock stars. Throughout the paper, different rock stars and rock bands will be studied. Their backgrounds will be analyzed and, where applicable, highlights on their lives and careers will be discussed in an attempt to create a picture of the successful rock star, and the not. In the process, the paper aims to identify the key elements of becoming a famous rock star. More than becoming famous, it will also be important to point out why some rock stars become icons and stay idolized, while others proceed to the back door unnoticed. In the end, the paper hopes to conclude if the fame factors increase or decrease the chance of a rock star to become an icon. Reality Bits The world stood witness to the rise of many rock stars. With varying sounds, looks, and styles, it will be entirely difficult to compare rock bands side by side. While comparisons will be good to identify key points and similarities, it will only be beneficial when involving rock bands with striking similarities. It will be good to look at each band to identify both the good and the bad points of their careers. Black Sabbath. Kurt Cobain confessed that the hippest rock band ever would be Black Sabbath. (Hochman and Hilburn, 1992) Led by the legendary Ozzy Osbourne, the group has inspired many later rock bands whose love for playing rock music was infectious. The group played rock at a time when punk was in vogue and love for new wave was rising. Yet when they reunited to play in the 80’s, a new generation of fans began clamoring and singing Black Sabbath. Guns and Roses. The group behind the powerful emotional line Sweet Child O’ Mine, Guns and Roses was voted 13th on the Greatest Bands of All Time list. Greatest Rock Band of All Time, 2007) Reinventing themselves into emotional rock, heavy metal, punk, and back again, GnR created a solid fan base whose loyalty remained sweet all through the years. Kiss. Apart from their intriguing face paints, Kiss is well loved because they can arouse their fans to have fun in their performances. The incredible merchandising that followed the fame of this rock band is also unfathomable. (Matheson, 2005) If anything, Kiss was a good mixture of showmanship, sound, and creativity put into play for an awesome rock band. Led Zeppelin. Jimmy Page is praised and adored by fans, his rhythms remembered and played repeatedly everywhere. The group which some aptly calls simply Led Zep has every right to be treated so. The powerful sound that the group creates has been dubbed incomparable. Fan Evster2012 (2008) claim that Led Zeppelin also play in such a way to please the audience, a plus factor. Soulful musicality wins Led Zeppelin a prime spot in rockers’ hearts. Metallica. Ranked first by the online community in the Greatest Bands of All Time list (Greatest Rock Band of All Time, 2007), Metallica enjoys a following from different generations of music patrons. Showmanship is one determinant on how Metallica survived the highly competitive rock band industry. They epitomized the look and the act of a real rock band. Nirvana. The sudden death of the vocalist Kurt Cobain may have put the success of Nirvana to a halt, but it did not deter loyal fans from continuing the legacy of the band. Up until now, Nirvana songs are being played, sang, and revived. Merchandise bearing album covers, Cobain’s portraits, and the band as well keeps selling until today. Bereaved fans remain reminiscent of Cobain, even including him in stories and bragging works signed by him. RH, 2008) Pantera. Pantera was on their lean years when their lead guitar man Darrell Abbott, or Dimebag, has been shot and killed. However, the legacy of Pantera raged on. Records kept selling and the songs are still being covered by new rock players. (Lyman, 2004) Merchandise also keep bringin in revenue, and collectors stay loyal to the Pantera generation that they have come to k now and love. Pearl Jam. Matheson (2005) hosted a survey which revealed that Pearl Jam is considered as the greatest American rock band of all time. There are many reasons for Pearl Jam to be chosen. The voting community pointed out that Pearl Jam had the sincere love for what they are doing, the creativity to shift between sounds while still maintaining their identity, their power to keep selling albums and keep getting new following and so on. Put simply, Pearl Jam is the number one for many. Slipknot. If there is anything striking about the slipknot, it is their unrestricted costumes. Adding up to their showmanship and the unique sound that the group creates, Slipknot is always remembered by fans and non-fans alike as the band in masks. Masks have been a striking identifier to the band that I even became an album cover. (D’Angelo, 2004) The Rolling Stones. First was the band, then a mean series of rocking years, then a magazine. Until now, Mick Jagger and the rest of the Rolling Stones never fail to delight. They are even in the concert film by Martin Scorsese. (Ansen, 2008) Fame Factor Looking at how these rock bands and rock stars caught the spotlight, several common denominators may be seen. From these factors, it will be easy to see which ones are needed by an aspirant to become known in the field. Looks. For rock bands, the look does not necessarily mean good looks. The rock band look pertains to the style that the group decides to adapt. Many rock bands plunged into using weird-looking costumes. Kiss, which used face paints, paired with heavy hairstyles and often leather getups got the right look to match their sound. Slipknot’s use of different masks added up to the mystery of the band, and the dark and scary yet fun and fearless image that they are trying to portray. Ozzy Osbourne’s trademark long hairdo and sunglasses also helped identify him and his band whenever they perform. A trademark look also gives a band the chance to shine through the highly saturated music industry. Rock bands often had the grunge look expected of them. By creating a new look different from the others; even if it is still grunge, the group is still remembered. Sometimes, it may reach a point when the looks are remembered even if the names are not. In any case, creating a unique and striking look which fits the group and the audience is beneficial for a rock band. Sound. More than the looks, the sound is also a determinant of success among rock bands. At first, it might seem easy to sing rock. To begin with, there is none of the strict tone and voice measures present in other musical genre. Especially when the band is creating their own line and brand of music, they then become boundless by musical measures—they can cross the line between noise and music and nobody will care. Yet there are things that need to be noted to ensure that the sound of a rock band is appealing to the audience. Pearl Jam’s constant reshaping of their music is a reason why they stayed on the top. Matheson, 2005) Creating a sound inspired by another band, especially one that is iconic, also has its good and bad sides. When a band decides to create a sound similar to another, it is easy for the band to be remembered and to get into the ranks. However, comparisons can never be avoided. This puts the starting band into more pressure to sound as good as the one they are imitating. On top of it, if the new band is not able to stand true to the expe ctations of the old band’s standards, it can have a negative impact on the starting band. Gadgets and Effects. Something that rock bands can never live without are gadgets and effects, as these help them create new sounds that improve their performance. Often, fans enjoy hearing new sounds that other rock bands have never showcased before. Fans who have the inclination to play musical instruments also get excited to hear and try to imitate new sound effects. Without gadgets and effects, it is difficult for bands to create distinct sounds from their instruments. Showmanship. Apart from what the band produces on stage, it is equally important to know what the band does and how they do it. This is called showmanship, and this is yet another important factor for rock bands to become popular. Kiss, Pantera, Led Zeppelin, and Black Sabbath fans swear on how good these bands were at performing. Much of this performance entertainment can be credited to the quality of the band’s showmanship. Thus, to be a good rock band, one should also have the moves. Loyal fan base. Loyal fans help the band stay alive for eternity. This is exactly what happened to many old bands whose fame and popularity was replenished when new generations of fans started giving tributes to them. As Everson and Shay (nd) puts it, in internet marketing a fan base produces a steady stream of traffic and gives a sense of authority and prestige to the owner of the site. The same thing happens to rock bands. A fan base offers and solicits support for the band, even way after the band has stopped playing. Attitude and the love for music. The online community who voted for Pearl Jam as the best rock band ever stated that the top reason is that they concentrated on the craft rather than the fame. This shows that it is important for fans that the band loves their music and stays like that even despite of being popular. Matheson, 2005) Led Zeppelin had the same attitude. Having started the band in a sudden interest and sense of urgency to put one up, the members played and worked with the joy of playing in their mind, a revelation that members now recall and smile about. (Fricke, 2007) True Test of Fame Becoming a famous rock band is more like passing through a series of sifters. In th e beginning, there is a crowd of new rock bands trying to get their five minutes of fame. The audience listens to each and pick out the good ones. These are the ones who get through the fame test level one. At this point, the chosen ones are yet to enjoy the mainstream. They often only have a small fan base. The second selection happens when the bands try to exceed their territories. When bands get more fans and are listened to by more people outside their own zones, they go up one level in the fame meter. Those who do not make the cut will either have to wait for some other time, or rest. Then, everything follows. The really good bands get to sign contracts and produce albums. The others who have the funding may decide to produce their own albums, even if they are not too good. Some will venture into music television. Some will become producers themselves. This has been the story of Jonathan Coulton, also known as JoCo. He may not be the big thing—yet—but his music prowess is currently the talk of the town. Like any other rock stars, Coulton was a dreamer. Being a rock star is just another dream for him. Yet, he did not allow this dream to go unnoticed. Following his bliss, he resigned from his job in a software firm and concentrated on writing music. Today, his loyal fan base gives him many things to be thankful about, except the money. Coulton’s songs can be downloaded in exchange of donations. (Sites, 2008) Coulton’s story goes to show that being a rock star is not about the money. He is popular, but not rich because of it. He is popular because he loves his music, he loves his fans, and he aims to inspire. There is no assurance that Coulton, despite his positive music, will be offered million-dollar contracts, but the spot that he claimed in the otherwise crowded music industry is a mean feat to be happy about. (Sites, 2008) Yet the ultimate test of fame lies after the spotlight has died down. When the lights are out and only the memories of the band are left, the really good bands get to be remembered. This has been one among the many measures of fans to Pearl Jam’s success. (Matheson, 2005) Years after the band has stopped playing, their records are still echoing the lives of people who play their songs. This says a lot about the rock band becoming an icon. However, as James Dio of Black Sabbath puts it, inspiring new players should not be so much of an issue. Icons should stay humble and concentrate on the music. As for the new players, more than being inspired by the music, they should also be inspired with what beautiful things a rock star can do—more than the sex, drugs, and rock and roll. (Hochman and Hilburn, 1992) Conclusions It is cool, yet difficult, to be famous. This is why those who are trying to get in the fame wagon are trying everything good, new, and eclectic to get a piece of the pie. The rock band arena is not an exception. Everyday, new groups form, play, and try to get famous. Yet, only the really good ones remain. Many rock bands have tried to claim a spot and won. In analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, it became apparent that these bands have common denominators. These same points are useful for rock bands who are trying to get famous. A unique and interesting style is important as much as sound. These two allows the audience to identify the band. Gadgets and effects help a band improve their sound. Showmanship gives the band a chance to prove that they are good and serious at what they are supposed to do, which is entertaining the viewers. Attitude is also a key consideration. A good manager is also tantamount to a band’s success, because they control the activities of the band. Overall, a loyal fan base is equally important because without fans rock bands will also have no careers to begin with. Recommendations Despite the stereotype that cannot be taken away from the image of a rock star, it is never bad for a group to aspire to be a rock band. However, it requires discipline and perseverance for a rock band to become and stay famous. Because the music industry is always on the look for new talents, rock bands should always stay abreast on the developments of their craft. This does not mean that they need to purchase new gadgets all the time. However, it is necessary for bands to reinvent themselves according to their environment and the interest of their fans. Much of the credit should also go to the fans. This requires the right attitude. Bands should remember that the fans keep them alive. Thus, they should keep proper distance but still be warm to the fans at all times. At one end, it should also be noted that even if rock bands are identified with sex, drugs, and rock and roll, it is not a factor to become famous. One can get the image, without really taking on the risks.

Outline the Importance of the Land Rights Movement, Specifically Referring to the Wik Decision, Mabo Judgement and the Native Title.

Outline the importance of the following for the land rights movement Native Title Mabo Wik Evidently, the land rights movement involves the ideas of the Wik, Mabo decision, as well as the Native Title. Aboriginal people are able to rebuild connections with their spirituality, through the land. Aspects of Indigenous Aboriginal spirituality such as ancestral spirit beings, totems, sacred duties and rituals are held within the land. Native title refers to individual or communal, rights or interests of Aboriginal people or Torres Strait Islanders in relation to waters or land. This form of land title was considered to be of great significance to Aboriginal people because it allowed them to gain social and economic independence, and was a huge leap in their journey of self determination. It aimed to assist the establishment of native title by organising the Mabo decision. In the end, Aboriginal people want to own their sacred sites, and this can only be achieved through the Native Title. Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Aboriginal man who established the Mabo decision of June 1992. This decision provided the recognition that Australia was under British settlement in 1788, hence going completely against the concept of Terra Nullius. It was this dramatic result, which contributed towards the establishment of the Native Title. Native Title became part of the known laws of Australia, which meant that Mabo’s observance provided all Aboriginal people with justice and equality. The Wik decision expresses the notion that native, leasehold and some other types of land titles can successfully co exist. This means that there is great degree of fairness within this decision, as both the Aboriginals and the Australian government is pleased.

Ethics and Legal Issue Essay

At the time I worked as a custodian in a department store, I was faced with an ethical dilemma of whether accepting a bribe from a colleague of higher position to manipulate cash transactions in her favor. This was of course an issue for me since I knew manipulating business transactions is unethical and wrong, more so that it involves the company’s resources. However, I realized I really did not have to ‘think it through’. I instantly said no, that I absolutely could not do it because I knew it was an absolutely dishonest act. My colleague just shrugged and I thought maybe he was used to such a reaction. People decide differently. When faced with such situation, it would be just normal that two different persons would come up with different decisions, probably either going with what the ‘boss’ wants or going against it. This may be because of different beliefs, of which is the right thing to do; or different needs, probably experiencing dire need of money; or maybe even a feeling of powerlessness compared to the boss. An ethical issue such as the situation presented above may entail, for some, deep thinking of what is righteous or not; or with regards to what decision to take when faced with such a ‘choice’. Basically, we know that the society decides what is immoral or not. It is the society’s norms, which refer to what is unethical or not. But is it the person himself who determines what is right. Some people believe some things are right, others believe otherwise. It all depends on the person. Even the ‘rightfulness’ of what is right has always been a question between different cultures with different beliefs and principles. Despite the gift of intellect and rationality, sometimes humans still fail to perform a reasoned judgment of ethical issues, instead fall prey to gut reactions or immediate and ignorant decisions. This may be probably due to the person’s attitudes, how gullible he is, or not, to such ethical situations; the environment or society he grew up in; how ‘imbibed’ choosing between right and wrong is on the person; and his personal decisions as well.