Processing Petroleum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Processing Petroleum - Essay Example The specific molecular makeup of crude oil varies from location to location as mentioned above however the chemical elements required to form crude oil vary over a fairly narrow margin. (Speight, 1999) The major hydrocarbon components of crude oil include paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and asphaltics which display consistency in their presence in crude oil. The variation in these hydrocarbon components determines the exact properties of the crude oil in question. (Hyne, 2001) Crude oil contains a number of lighter more usable factions such as HFO, LFO, diesel, gasoline and a number of components for isomers of various kinds, asphalt etc. These factions can only be separated if crude oil is subjected to various processes. The processes used to separate factions of crude oil are better known collectively as petroleum refining and fractional distillation is a critical process. Fractional distillation relies on the physical property of different liquids to boil out at specific temperat ures only. Since crude oil is a mixture of various different lighter oils and solids, the constituents all tend to turn to vapour at different temperatures. Once these temperatures are achieved, the particular faction in question is collected downstream and is thus separated from crude oil’s other constituents. Processes carried out in Oil Refineries The crude oil that is brought in from an oil field is separated into various useful constituents through a variety of different techniques. Not only are the constituents of crude oil separated but they are often treated into different other useful products as well. The entire process begins in the crude oil distillation unit (CDU). All forms of oil refineries possess a CDU which intimates the separation. More separation may be carried out after the CDU too. The basic job of the CDU is to distil various larger constituents in crude oil into smaller more easily processed factions. The CDU for most oil refineries is operated at or a round atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) so the CDU is also referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit. (Kister, 1992) The crude oil is at ambient temperature when it is introduced into the refining process so it needs to be heated before separation. This is done by heating the crude oil with the lighter fractions of oil that have already been distilled as they already contain a lot of heat. The heated crude oil is then taken through a process where any inorganic salts are removed from it. Typically the crude oil contains a sizable amount of sodium chloride and it is removed. After the salt has been removed from the crude oil, it is then heated again by exchanging heat with other distilled fractions of oil. This stage is better known as pre-heating because the crude oil does not reach a temperature where the fractions begin to separate. The heat required to begin the process of fractional distillation is gathered through a fuel fired furnace in which fuel is combusted to produce large amounts of heat. The heat produced in this manner is generally around 398oC in temperature and the stream is then fed to the bottom most section of the distillation unit or column. As the crude oil is heated and various fractions separate from it there is a need to cool those fractions to liquefy

Psychological Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychological Research Methods - Essay Example The groups will be tested before and after the therapeutic period using a health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) questionnaire designed specifically for this inquiry. The scores of the two groups will be compared and analyzed to determine if, as expected, the experimental group demonstrates a statistically significant improvement in motor impulsivity behavior. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition affecting three to ten percent of school-age children, primarily boys, and up to five percent of adults (Wender, 2000, p. 4). Although there are differing opinions on how to specifically define the condition, as well as the appropriate methods for sorting it out from other associated behavioral disorders, most practitioners agree that if a certain set of behaviors (distraction, fidgeting, excessive talking, etc.) are present in sufficient quantity and severity, the diagnosis is correct (Atkinson & Hornby, 2002, pp. 46-47). The scope of this research will not be to determine the actual presence of ADHD; it will rely on the diagnosis of medical professionals to form the study group. This approach is in line with established protocols, where "regardless of the treatment approach, the diagnosis of ADHD and other co-morbidities first must be established through a standard medical evaluation" (Baumgaertel, 1999, p. 977). This research will, however, seek to test whether a specific alternative treatment (music therapy), when used in conjunction with traditional pharmacological therapy, can attenuate motor impulsivity. The focus of treatment for ADHD is to "decrease symptoms, enhance functionality, and improve well-being for the child and his or her close contacts" (Klassen, et al., 2004, p. 541). The primary methodology for accomplishing this control is the use of pharmacological agents, and it is common knowledge that drugs such as Ritalin are often employed to attenuate the symptoms. In response to a perceived over-prescribing of such medicines by doctors, there has been a rise in alternative therapies that seek to attenuate ADHD behavior through non-pharmacological means; the majority of which are designed to be used in conjunction with medication. For example, a recent study sought to determine if yoga could be used as an alternative method and, although no "strong support" was found, the authors nevertheless concluded that "yoga may have merit as a complementary treatment for boys with ADHD already stabilized on medication" (Jensen & Kenny, 2004, p. 205). It has been suggested that of all the alternative treatments proposed, music may have the best impact, particularly with situational performance in cognitive tasks (Baumgaertel, 1999, p. 980). Others, however, have found that "there is little in the music therapy literature about [treatment] for ADHD," but cite survey results that music therapists are employing a number of different methods in treating children with ADHD (Jackson, 2003, 302). One study has directly addressed the issue of music therapy on the level of motor impulsivity, with mixed results. While "no statistical difference was found between the impact of the contrasting approaches as

Computer Forensics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Forensics - Coursework Example This 2 GB limit is caused by which of the following? ________ 32. If a person creates a file that contains 4097 bytes of information, and the file is saved to a hard disk that has clusters of 4 sectors each, how much file slack is associated with that file? 4916.4 bytes 33. True or False: When a file is deleted on a Windows system, the operating system inserts a Hex D5 in the place of the first character of the filename, indicating to the OS that the file has been deleted. TRUE As a digital forensics examiner, you have been called to the scene of a Kidnapping. Several witnesses have told the investigator that the victim was very excited about a new person they met online. Your job at the scene as a digital forensics examiner is to recommend to the investigating officer a course of action as to what digital evidence may or may not be needed to investigate this crime. a. Provide a list of potential digital evidence that the investigator is going to want to seize for possible forensic examination. Be thorough, as the lead investigator in this case is not computer savvy. Digital photo of the scene of crime – the photo should cover the areas from which the abduction occurred. If should clearly cover the area, for ease of identification of the area during crime analysis and investigation. In case the abductors or the victim left any belonging behind at the scene of crime, a digital photo should be taken. Evidence of the online communication – the investigator should collect information of the conversations done by the two parties online. The investigator should focus on getting information leading to the identification of the abductor. The collected information should include; the name used by the abductor in the online platform, photos and any other biographic information. The investigator should record snapshots of the conversations between the parties. Collection of information on the people

Choose a good topic for me Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Choose a good topic for me - Research Paper Example He argues that the long summer holidays can be compared to the extra tuition that other children get in other countries and this keeps our children lacking behind in a global race. In the article by Judith Burns, she has mentioned that Gove says, â€Å"If you look at the length of the school day in England, the length of the summer holiday, and we compare it to the extra tuition and support that children are receiving elsewhere, then we are fighting or actually running in this global race in a way that ensures that we start with a significant handicap†. I disagree with the proposition put forward by Michael Gove. Although school hours are a significant part of the child’s learning and cognitive development but time spent with family and at home is also equally important. Children nowadays are faced with a lot of peer pressure, academic challenges and burdensome school assignments. Starting from school they are working really hard to get into good colleges to secure their futures. I strongly feel that although it is of importance to keep up with the global changes and prepare for the challenges put forward by the world, children need time to relax and enjoy things in life other than arithmetic and English literature. Summer holidays prove as a good opportunity for the children to have some time away from the daily burdensome routines and relax their minds. This is of great significance for the normal and healthy development of the

Are Sweatshops an Inhumane Business Practice Essay

Are Sweatshops an Inhumane Business Practice - Essay Example The no side claims that they believe coercion exists in these types of workplaces, but working overtime is not a form of intimidation disproving Arnold and Bowie’s claim that it is (Sollars & Englander, 2007, p. 317). For each claim Arnold and Bowie makes towards sweatshops being inhumane, Sollars and Englander present valid counterarguments for minimum health and safety standards and upholding local labor laws. The claim these men make comes down to the right of the individual companies to set their own standards based on their companies mission rather than forcing all companies to uphold an unattainable standard. 2. This issue receives a lot of debate for a reason; there is no clear answer as to the manner of removing the negative characteristics, which make the workplace a sweatshop. Sollars and Englander make that point often in their response, there are many complex issues involved in these workplaces. In fact, the argument of Arnold and Bowie appears naive at times with its basis on respect and dignity without considerations to all the factors that hinder the changes from occurring. There are many issues to address in setting wages in another country that require consideration and not all of them deal with trying to purposely pay too little for too much work. Placing respect as the main reason for setting higher wages is not something possible in all cases and placing an imperative order on all MNE to pay more out of respect fails to address these issues. The first and most important factor is the costs the consumers are willing to pay for the products from the sweatshops. Yes, there are companies such as NIKE where the costs the consumers pay, considered... This issue receives a lot of debate for a reason; there is no clear answer as to the manner of removing the negative characteristics, which make the workplace a sweatshop. Sollars and Englander make that point often in their response, there are many complex issues involved in these workplaces. In fact, the argument of Arnold and Bowie appears naà ¯ve at times with its basis on respect and dignity without considerations to all the factors that hinder the changes from occurring. There are many issues to address in setting wages in another country that require consideration and not all of them deal with trying to purposely pay too little for too much work. Placing respect as the main reason for setting higher wages is not something possible in all cases and placing an imperative order on all MNE to pay more out of respect fails to address these issues. The first and most important factor is the costs the consumers are willing to pay for the products from the sweatshops. Yes, there are companies such as NIKE where the costs the consumers pay, considered very high compared to another brand found in a local discount store. Customers are willing to pay for the name recognition. However, NIKE addressed this issue of sweatshops but not out of respect or a desire to give their workers in these sweatshops a sense of dignity. The public outcry was enough to force them to adjust their manner of doing business.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Assignment - Essay Example Still, the Police may be able to pin both of the individuals for drug trafficking and possession if they have seen marijuana in plain sight and if it is not the case then, the seizure and search took place in the given scenario is not admissible to the court of law. The couple can only be prosecuted for violating customs check. Q.2 The need to practice due diligence is applicable in this case because Tangelo was well aware of the dangers that were associated with watching a baseball game (Jennings pp.300). Additionally, she had read the statement behind the tickets which relieved the organization from any kind of liability for an incident that may take place during the games and that formed a tort. Furthermore, the featured organization had taken preventive measure in order to contain the ball and the punching of a hole in the net can be identified as a mere coincident. The whole incident can be presented as a consequence of a decision to go and watch a game while; the injured party was having knowledge of the risks and therefore, cannot claim successfully for damages in the court of law. The court might decide to apply ordinary damages in this regard. Q.3 The purchaser has already conditionalized its performance with a favorable outcome of an event and therefore, the condition of obtaining a loan from the bank was a valid part of the contract that was signed by both parties (Jennings pp.35). The claim of specific performance is invalid because the purchasing party stated a condition that has to be fulfilled before a contract can be practiced. The seller however, can claim damages and specific performance against the involved bank whose manager did not supply the seller with a loan on a personal conflict. If the bank’s incapacity to loan the seller is legally justified then the charges will be dropped. Q.4 The environmental laws are growingly applied in order to preserve natural habitat of earth and therefore, the companies are strongly being recommended to take stronger measures towards returning to the environment what they have taken from it previously. Additionally, the companies that have become sensitive in the direction of preserving natural environment over the past few years are now adding environmental costs while, performing strategic decision making (Esty pp. 25). The governments on the hand are applying environmental taxation on firms that are known to pollute the environment in abundance. Finally, the companies like Herman Miller, FedEx and McDonalds have been cited in the book with the title of â€Å"Green to Gold† for their exceptional level of strategic dedication for environmental safety. Q.5 The companies are liable for the safety of their employees under the US labor law. The excuse that Nick was operating the crane in an inappropriate way means that he is either incapable or poorly trained. In both of the cases organization is at fault because either they are making an untrained or poorly trained person to run the crane. The company should have known about Nick’s poor ability to manage crane. Based on the above argument, Nick is fully capable and eligible to receive damages and treatment expenses from his employer. Q.6 The pay structure is determined on the basis of one’

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation - Essay Example This led to the appointment of another project leader, Tim, who was found capable of handling the raised issues and solving the problems (Harold Kerzner, 2009). The selection of Tim Emary was not a wrong decision. It is evident the company had been having limitations in achieving competitiveness constraints with the prevailing management cost control system in place. The company erred in sourcing their project managers from only one department, the EDL department. To inject new ideas in solving the crises, the company needed an outsider away from the EDL department. Over emphasising in sourcing a manager from this department led to having a non performing manager, on the basis that s/he is from the trusted EDL department. This may have been the reason why the performance of the company in the past had been below standards (Harold Kerzner, 2009). Getting Tim Emary from a different department largely brought about change as far as recruitment of the project manager was concerned. This approach offered members from other departments a chance to exercise their leadership abilities. It also increased the number of candidates yearning for the position, creating room for competitive vetting, which led to the appointment of the person with the highest qualifications and abilities. This approach contributed to improvement in competence of members in the respective departments (Landau, 1994). Secondly, even though Tim Emary was not knowledgeable as far as computers were concerned, he had the skills and knowledge of designing schedules and accomplishing the tasks assigned. This was an essential tool needed for effective management of management-cost-control system project (Harold Kerzner, 2009). Bearing in mind that reforms were being carried out in the department to put things back in order, a talented person was needed to lay foundations and offer new insights in the department. Thus, the right