Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument Essay Example for Free

Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument Essay George Berkeley was an Irish bishop and empiricist. His core philosophy was ‘esse est percipi’ this translates to, to be, is to be perceived. Berkeley believed that both primary and secondary objects were perceiver dependent believed that the world was not was not separate from the mind ergo; he was an immaterialist (we perceive things in the mind). He started his argument for empiricism by stating that in order for things to exist they must be perceived, due to holding this view point he thought that everything depends on the mind. This raises an immediate problem. If everything is perceiver dependent, what happens when an object is not being perceived? Does it simply pop out of existence? This argument does not seem coherent. This is due to the idea being an extremely irrational understanding of the world. The concept can also be disproved. This is because if we could put a video camera into a room and leave it so no one perceived the room and the objects in it and it would not disappear. Berkeley later added to his argument, as an attempt to solve this problem that no object is un-perceived. He claims objects do not disappear out of exist due to there being a constant perceiver, God. This is as God is omnipresent therefore, he always perceives the world. Thus objects do not pop out existence as they are constantly perceived. However by adding the existence of God to his argument it became weak. This is due to a huge assumption. This assumption is that God exists. There are many arguments both for and against God’s existence, such as the teleological argument and the problem of evil. It seems strange to base a theory of object’s existence on a being whose existence is unproven. Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeley’s argument for objects existences. Russell argued that if he was sat in his chair and his cat was in one corner of the room and he turned round on his chair and the cat was at the other side of the room, according to Berkeley there was only two possible ways this could have happened. Firstly the cat could have popped out of existence when Russell turned on his chair and then popped back into existence when he had turned back round. Or secondly, the cat could have walked across the room when he was turned on the chair due to God perceiving it. Russell claimed that these two possibilities were irrational and we could not use these two claims for the existence of objects.

Fighting Rising College Tuition Costs Essay -- Education Policy

Declining state support, educational race for top rankings, uneven financial aid, or economy downfall: there are reasons all across the board as to why the cost of college tuition is getting out of hand. Envision a senior girl whose heart had been set on her dream college for years. An elite, honorable college where everyone seems to want to go. She has been telling her parents from an early age she was going to one day be a member. While on a visit to the college in late fall of her senior year, she fell in love with the beautiful campus which seemed to spread for miles. The advisers and professors she met with were polite and unquestionably convincing. Her favorite part of the visit was seeing how happy all of the current students seemed to look with their college decision. Overall, she believed she had found her home for the next four years. She went home excited to tell her parents the good news. This is where the excitement soon ended. 35,000 dollars a year was the out rageous sticker price for her dream college. Her parents said there was no way possible they could ever afford to send her. Tears started flooding down her face; her dreams were crushed. Now what was she going to do? Where was she going to go? Although this story has been made up, similar situations like these are arising more and more often. College tuition has reached an all time high; with the economy in its current standings, there needs to be solutions so every young adult has an equal opportunity to go to college. No one disputes the importance of a college education in today’s job market. Society has taken on a much higher demand for the well educated. With this being a growing trend, why does it seem colleges are trying to make gettin... ...ons need to be fulfilled if results are to be seen in the pocketbooks of every young adult looking for an equal opportunity to go to college. Works Cited â€Å"Barack Obama and Joe Biden: Making College Affordable For Everyone.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Berman, Talia. â€Å"Student Debt Crisis: Are There Any Solutions?† WireTap. 23 Aug. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Block, Sandra. â€Å"Rising costs make climb to higher education steeper.† USA TODAY. 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Dickeson, Robert. â€Å"COLLISION COURSE: Rising college costs threaten America’s future and require shared solutions.† Lumina Foundation for Education. 2004. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Ehrenberg, Ronald. â€Å"Tuition Rising: Why College Costs so Much.† Cornell University. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"Rising College Costs.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"What is a 529?† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"What It Costs to Go to College.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010.

Racial profiling Essay

Imagine driving home from school to go put on your uniform to go to work. You are driving the posted speed limit, obeying all traffic laws, and you car is in perfect working condition. All of a sudden, flashing red and blue lights behind you and you’re being pulled over. The officer treats you as a suspect right off the bat, smothering you with questions concerning what you’re doing, where you’re going; yet never really telling you why you’ve been pulled over. Without any warranted reason the officer wants to search your car. After much hassle you are finally free to go, yet still have no explanation as to why you were pulled over to begin with. Well that happened to me one year ago after being pulled over three hours earlier. Later on i learned that there were a Mercedes Benz that was stolen in the neighborhood, and i was a black women driving a Mercedes Benz fitting the description of the one that were being stolen. But there were other Mercedes car in t he street that day. Why didn’t he stooped them. Guess what the officer was a white man, this prove that i was subject to racial profiling. Still today many people don’t know the definition of racial profiling. What does it means? According to Kenneth Jost, author of the â€Å"racial profiling ;Are minority unfairly targeted by police† stated that Racial Profiling is any police or private security practice in which a person is treated as a suspect because of his or her race, ethnicity, nationality or religion. This occurs when police investigate, stop, frisk, search or use force against a person based on such characteristics instead of evidence of a person’s criminal behavior. It often involves the stopping and searching of people of color for traffic violations, known as â€Å"DWB† or â€Å"driving while black or brown.† Is racial profiling helps or huts community/America? In my opinion i think that racial profiling is a detriment to our soc iety, because it is a form of discrimination, it is unconstitutional, and its violates humans right. Should there be something done to stop this growing madness? Racial Discrimination is a serious problem in the world today. Race remains a significant social issue because people use racial differences as the basis for discrimination. Racism is a clear reality in our society, and it is continues to shatter and destroy lives. Racial discrimination is an  ongoing human judgment that U.S. citizens can’t really stop. Let’s take a look at one example on how racism is a problem â€Å"New York City college student Trayon Christian, 19, filed a civil rights suit against Barneys after he was stopped, handcuffed and taken to a police station after buying a $349 belt at the upscale department store.† Why did that happen ,well because he was black. The life chances and opportunities of people of color in the United States are limited as compared to whites. The legacy of historic discrimination continues to weigh on the present; and current day discrimination persists throughout American life in access to healthcare, educational serv ices, employment opportunities, wage levels, capital, the criminal justice system, and media employment. Racism, is difference plus power. All forms of racism suppose,on Paul Bou-Habib’s conception,author of the†Racial profiling and background injustice†say that â€Å"the differences between races mean that they cannot coexist in one society on terms of equality. This information is important because it allows us to further understand the history of racial discrimination. In the United States Bill of Rights, the Fourth Amendment is â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized,†(qtd.in Saeed). Racial profiling is a clear violation of the bills of rights in the United States citizens. New measures must be taken in conjunction with current measures to curb racial profiling. A strict federal program to monitor and survey our nation’s police officers is needed. The public also needs to become more involved in efforts to stop racial profiling. Until these measures are taken, racial profiling will continue to eat away at the heart of our nation. Being frisked, arrested, or incarcerated is often a humiliating and degrading process in violates human rights. Many police officers have also been known to abuse their authority. Take for instance. In 2009, police in Detroit, Michigan, conducted a stop and- frisk of Elvis Ware. While in a public parking lot, one officer shoved his bare hand down Ware’s pants and  squeezed his genitals and then attempted to stick a bare finger into Ware’s anus. Other young men of African descent report that the same two officers who stopped Ware conducted similar outrageous and inappropriate searches on them without warrants, probable cause, or reasonable suspicion.’ Such â€Å"encounters can result in negative behavioral changes†(Jost). Minorities, even those who are innocent, may feel pressured to dress in a particular way to avoid drawing attention to themselves, or to stop traveling certain routes in order to avoid interacting with the police. Additionally, exposure to racial profiling may be psychological detrimental, possibly resulting in lowered self-confidence and dignity. Based on these, as well as others, it can be effectively argued that racial profiling is not, in and of itself, an unethical practice. However, it must be used in a precise manner in order to be morally sound. This method includes using it as a tool in the investigative process and not before it has been determined that a crime has been committed. It must also be used in a specific way: to describe an individual suspect and not a group of people who are suspected of possibly committing one crime or another. The witness’s background and bias must be taken into account, and racial profiling must be done equally and without favor to one racial group. After these steps are taken into account, racial profiling cannot be considered â€Å"unethical†(Saeed). WORKS CITED Bou-Habib, Paul. â€Å"Racial Profiling And Background Injustice.† Journal Of Ethics 15.1/2 (2011): 33-46. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. Jost, Kenneth. â€Å"CQ Researcher.† CQ Researcher. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. Shabazz, Saeed. â€Å"U.S. Supreme Court says no to new hearing for Mumia Abu-Jamal.† New York Amsterdam News 09 Apr. 2009: 4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

Corrosion Stress Strain Behavior Of Small Size Plain Concrete

Introduction: It is widely known that many older reinforced concrete columns may suffer from an inadequate amount of transverse steel reinforcement providing insignificant confining pressure to the concrete core. The seismic performance of these columns may thus be very poor due to their insufficient ductility or low concrete strength. Because the FRP composites owe some of the favorable properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, the use of FRP composites is nowadays become more common in the construction industry as a confining material for concrete to enhance the strength and ductility capacities of existing RC columns. To achieve a proper and safe design of FRP-confined rectangular RC columns, it is necessary to properly understand and model the axial stress-strain behavior of FRP-confined concrete. The axial cyclic stress-strain behavior of FRP-confined concrete is of particular importance in the seismic design of existing RC columns. Extensive experimental and analytical studies have been conducted to investigate the monotonic axial stress-strain behavior of small size plain concrete cylinders confined with FRP laminates (e.g., Lam and Teng 2002; Ilki and Kumbasar 2002; Lam and Teng 2003; Berthet et al. 2005; Almusallam 2007; Cui and Sheikh 2010; Wu and Zhou 2010). According to the literature, relatively few studies have included rectangular unreinforced concrete columns tested under axial monotonic loads (e.g., Youssef 2003; Rousakis et al. 2007); In contrast,Show MoreRelatedA Report On The Axial Stress Strain Behavior1034 Words   |  5 Pagesreinforced concrete columns, including particularly those RC columns constructed prior to the 1970s, may suffer from an inadequate amount of transverse steel reinforcement providing insignificant confining pressure to the concrete core, and hence, the seismic performance of such columns may be very poor due to their insufficient ductility or low concrete strength. Since the FRP composites owe some of the fav orable properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistanceRead MoreDetermination of Pull Out Capacity of Steel Bar in Concrete7577 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of Research Steel-reinforced concrete is a widely used structural material. The effectiveness of the steel reinforcement depends on the bond between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. Reinforced concrete  is a composite material in which  concrete s  relatively low  tensile strength  and  ductility  are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarilyRead MoreLaboratory Evaluation Of Fibre Reinforced Soil9047 Words   |  37 Pagesengineering project. The concept of earth reinforcement with the help of fibrous materials is an ancient technique and has been demonstrated abundantly in nature by animals, birds and the action of tree roots. This fibrous reinforcement resists tensile stress developed within the soil mass thereby restricting shear failure. In this investigation, Recron 3S polypropylene fibre manufactured by Reliance India Ltd., has been used. Polypropylene Fibres are engineered micro fibers with a unique â€Å"Triangular†Read MoreFoundations Of The Building Transfer4083 Words   |  17 Pagesengineering properties of the soil at regular intervals, claim every 2 meters. Based within this deport, engineers designing the structure could decide at what depth of soil to deliver the foundations, the type of foundations they ought to provide, and the size of the foundations. Every once in some time, engineers will find fill for a site. This occurs when humans have previously dug in the earth there, and then filled it the government financial aid. This happens if a quarry was dug or maybe a buildingRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesAnalysis Process 1.1 Three Reasons to Study Statistics 1 1.2 The Nature and Role of Variability 4 1.3 Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 7 1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays 12 Activity 1.1 Head Sizes: Understanding Variability 22 Activity 1.2 Estimating Sizes 23 Activity 1.3 A Meaningful Paragraph 24 1 2 Collecting Data Sensibly 2.2 Sampling 32 27 2.1 Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation 27 2.3 Simple Comparative Experiments 42 2.4 More on ExperimentalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswhich originated in Frankfurt and which is discussed in Chapter 8, is called critical theory. This approach overtly rejects managementorientated organization theory as both misconceived and unethical because it is only concerned with the problems of a small minority of people in organizations and therefore is inherently undemocratic. Instead, critical theorists aim to reveal the structures of oppression and injustice that are taken to be part of organizing in capitalist society, whose main beneficiaries